Forged (book)

Forged: Writing in the Name of God – Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are is a book by American New Testament scholar Bart D. Ehrman, published in 2011 by HarperCollins.

Arguments and contentions
In antiquity, pseudepigraphy was an accepted practice in which a writer attributed his work to a well-known figure from the past or a teacher who had greatly influenced him. Forged contends that the practice was not in fact accepted and would have been condemned as dishonest by all authorities in antiquity. Ehrman maintains that the more honest term for such falsely attributed writings is "forgery".

The book posits that between eight and eleven of the twenty-seven books of the Christian New Testament canon were written as forgeries. Ehrman points out numerous inconsistencies he finds within the New Testament that appear to support many of his claims, such as the fact that in Acts 4, the statement is made that both Peter and  John were illiterate, yet in later years entire books of the Bible were then alleged to have been written by them.

New Testament books identified as forgeries by Ehrman

 * First Epistle of Peter
 * Second Epistle of Peter
 * Second Epistle to the Thessalonians
 * First Epistle to Timothy
 * Second Epistle to Timothy
 * Epistle to Titus
 * Epistle to the Ephesians
 * Epistle to the Colossians
 * Epistle of Jude

False attributions
In addition to the books of the New Testament Ehrman identifies as forgeries, he discusses eight originally anonymous New Testament texts that had names of apostles ascribed to them later and are falsely attributed. These are not forgeries since the texts are anonymous but have had false authors ascribed to them by others:


 * Gospel of Matthew
 * Gospel of Mark
 * Gospel of Luke
 * Gospel of John
 * The Acts of the Apostles
 * First Epistle of John
 * Second Epistle of John
 * Third Epistle of John
 * Epistle to the Hebrews

The Epistle of James is not technically a forgery because it does not claim to be specifically by James, the brother of Jesus. Rather, it claims to be by "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" (James 1:1). James, Ehrman notes, was a common name. Two of Jesus' disciples had that name, as did the brother of Jesus. It may very well have been written by someone named James. However, to the extent that the author gives the impression that they are James, the brother of Jesus, it might be considered a forgery: Ehrman notes that the author doesn't specify which James he is, meaning "that he is claiming to be the most famous James of all, Jesus's brother."

Reviews
The book was positively reviewed by the Library Journal.

United Methodist pastor and biblical scholar Ben Witherington III (Asbury Theological Seminary) wrote a long and detailed critique of Ehrman's positions in his blog. Presbyterian pastor and biblical scholar Michael J. Kruger (Reformed Theological Seminary) also wrote a detailed critique of Ehrman's book in the website of The Gospel Coalition.