Fox Glacier (town)

Fox Glacier (Weheka), called Weheka until the 1940s, is a village on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand. The village is close to the eponymous Fox Glacier / Te Moeka o Tuawe.

Toponymy
The village was known as Weheka until the 1940s, when the name of the post office was changed to Fox Glacier, after the nearby glacier of the same name. The glacier was given the name of Fox Glacier in 1872 after a visit by then New Zealand premier, William Fox.

History
The origins of the settlement lie 20 km away, on the coast at Gillespies Beach, which underwent a gold rush in the 1860s. At that time, Gillespies was briefly the third-largest town on the West Coast. As the amount of gold being recovered declined, most of the population, including the Sullivan family of miners, moved on. Patrick Sullivan moved inland with his friend Fred Williams to try farming in an area known as the Weheka Valley. Julia Sullivan married Fred Williams in 1893 and built a farmhouse on the Cook River flats near the present site of the settlement. By the early 1900s large amounts of forest on the flats had been cleared and become farmland.

Access to the settlement was still via the sea: boats would land at Gillespies Beach, and goods were unloaded in the surf and carried by horse and dray back to Weheka. The road north to Waiho (now Franz Josef / Waiau) was very poor: surveyor Charlie Douglas wrote in the 1890s, "…when I came through that way, I left the track and took to the bush as being far better walking." By 1903 it had been improved and Dr Ebenezer Teichelmann described it as a good horse track.

In the 1920s Westland began to be marketed as a scenic wonderland for tourists. For years the Williams and Sullivan families had offered hospitality to tourists coming to see the glacier in their own homesteads, but in 1926 Mick and Jack Sullivan decided to build accommodation for the increasing numbers of visitors. They established a sawmill and built the Fox Glacier Hostel, which opened on 20 December 1928. It had its own hydroelectric power generator and was supplied by the Sullivan farm. It had 40 bedrooms, designed to accommodate up to 100 guests, as well as four parlours and a large dining room for up to 70 diners. The hotel became the centre of activity in the area, running trips to Lake Matheson where visitors could take a boat to photograph the lakes famous reflections. Horses were supplied to tourists who wanted to visit the remains of the gold-mining settlement at Gillespies Beach. Mary Kerr (née Sullivan) ran the hotel, and essentially all local tourism, from the 1950s until her death in 1986.

Setting
Bruce Bay is 46 km to the south-west of the village, and Franz Josef / Waiau is 23 km north-east. runs through the village. The village is 6 km from the eponymous Fox Glacier, and a similar distance from Lake Matheson.

Fox Glacier is primarily a service centre for tourists, although it also services the local farming community.

Tourism
The Fox Glacier is the main visitor attraction for the township. One of the access routes providing a view of the glacier is via the Fox Glacier South Side Walkway/Cycleway. This is a 6.4 km return trip along the south bank of the Fox River. The track begins 2 km south of the township at the Fox River, and passes through ancient podocarp forest, and passes across glacial moraines. The forest on the moraines shows a succession because of the differing ages of establishment of vegetation on the moraine surface. The Moraine Walk is a 4 km return walk that branches off the walkway/cycleway on the south side of the Fox River.

Other local attractions include:
 * Te Kopikopiko o te Waka is a viewing point and cultural heritage site located 9 km to the west of the township. It provides panoramic views of the Southern Alps /Kā Tiritiri o te Moana and Fox Glacier. Te Kopikopiko o te Waka was developed in 2022 by Ngati Mahaki, in association with the Fox Glacier community, Heritage New Zealand and the Department of Conservation. The installations at the site tell a Ngāi Tahu creation story.
 * The Minnehaha Walk is a 1.2 km loop walk through rata-podocarp forest alongside Carters Creek near the township. The track provides opportunities for viewing glowworms at night.
 * The Te Weheka Walkway/Cycleway is a 5 km return track. The route goes from the township through bush to the north bank of the Fox River, and to a viewing point of the Alpine Gardens landslide. This landslide is approximately 50 million m³ in size and is one of the largest actively moving landslides in New Zealand. The Te Weheka Walkway/Cycleway won a national award in 2012 for the Best Cycle Facility Project.
 * The Mt Fox route is a challenging day-climb to the Mt Fox trig point at 1021 m, with a further climb on a marked route through grassland to a summit at 1345 m. It begins from 3 km south of the township, on State Highway 6. The route is only suitable for well-equipped and experienced trampers.
 * Gillespies Beach is a black sand beach and settlement located 20 km west of Fox Glacier township by road. The area was the site of a gold rush in the 1860s and gold dredging continued into the mid 20th century. There is a campsite, and a range of coastal walks in the area.
 * Lake Matheson is a small glacial lake located around 5 km from the Fox Glacier township. The lake is known for its reflected views of Aoraki / Mount Cook and Mount Tasman. There is an easy 4.4 km walking track around the lake.
 * The Lake Gault track is an 8 km return route that climbs 200 m through original podocarp forest to a lookout over a small glacial lake with views of the Southern Alps/Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, Aoraki / Mount Cook and Mount Tasman. The track starts from the Lake Matheson car park. It was re-opened in April 2019 after being closed for 20 years. The work on restoring the track was carried out mainly by volunteers, led by the Fox Glacier Community Development Society in association with the Department of Conservation. The track was upgraded in 2020, as part of initiatives to help encourage tourism and build economic resilience for the region.

Demographics
Fox Glacier is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement and covers 2.81 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. The settlement is part of the larger Westland Glaciers-Bruce Bay statistical area.

Before the 2023 census, the settlement had a smaller boundary, covering 1.92 km2. Using that boundary, Fox Glacier had a population of 249 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 15 people (6.4%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 36 people (−12.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 111 households, comprising 126 males and 123 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female. The median age was 31.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 18 people (7.2%) aged under 15 years, 90 (36.1%) aged 15 to 29, 123 (49.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 12 (4.8%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 61.4% European/Pākehā, 2.4% Māori, 6.0% Pasifika, 24.1% Asian, and 7.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 49.4% had no religion, 31.3% were Christian, 6.0% were Hindu, 1.2% were Muslim, 2.4% were Buddhist and 2.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 51 (22.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 18 (7.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $35,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 18 people (7.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 195 (84.4%) people were employed full-time, 15 (6.5%) were part-time, and 3 (1.3%) were unemployed.

Transport and infrastructure
State Highway 6 passes through the town. The village is served by the Fox Glacier Aerodrome.

Westpower owns and operates the local distribution network in Fox Glacier. Electricity is supplied from the national grid at Hokitika via Westpower's 146 km 33kV line from Hokitika. Manawa Energy owns the 3MW Wahapo hydroelectric power station, 20 km north of Franz Josef. This station can operate islanded and provide supply to the local region if the supply from the north is lost. New Zealand Energy owns a small 500kW hydro generation scheme using water from Lake Gault. This scheme was originally built to supply a dredge at Gillespies Beach.

The Westland District Council owns and operates reticulated water and wastewater systems in the town.

Our Lady of the Snows
Our Lady of the Snows is a Catholic church located at 60 Cook Flat Road, Fox Glacier, within the South Westland parish of Our Lady of the Woods. The wooden church was built in three months, at a cost of £690, by Robert Emmett Clarke of Whataroa, and includes stained-glass windows and statues donated by settlers in the area in memory of deceased relatives. The Bishop of Christchurch, Matthew Brodie, laid the foundation stone on 22 April 1934, and the church was blessed and dedicated on 15 September 1935 by Bishop Brodie.

Mass is held at Our Lady of the Snows twice monthly, on the second and fourth Sundays.

Douglas Memorial Church
The Douglas Memorial Church was a small Presbyterian church at 5 Main Road, Fox Glacier, built by the Hokitika firm of Goodfellow and Bennett in 1952 from local stone and rimu. A reduction in the number of parishioners saw the church put up for sale in 2012, and it was subsequently converted into self-catering holiday accommodation, The Church at Fox, opening in 2015.

The church was named in honour of the Reverend William Douglas (c. 1837–1920), who was the Presbyterian minister in Hokitika between 1881 and 1907, and served as moderator of the General Assembly in New Zealand in 1882.

Education
The first school in the area, Gillespies Beach School, opened in 1877, and with the declining population of the settlement closed in 1900. For the next 30 years children were educated in household schools, until the opening of Weheka School in 1929.

This became Fox Glacier School, and is now Fox Glacier Weheka School. It is the only school in Fox Glacier, serving approximately students from Years 1 to 8 (ages 5 to 12). The nearest secondary school to Fox Glacier is South Westland Area School, 85 km away in Hari Hari.