French submarine Danaé

Danaé (Q131) was a French Navy Ariane-class submarine commissioned in 1929. During World War II, she operated on the Allied side until 1940, when she became part of the naval forces of Vichy France. She was scuttled in November 1942.

Construction and commissioning
Ordered under the 1923 naval programme, Danaé was laid down along with her sister ship FRENCH SUBMARINE Eurydice at Chantiers et Ateliers Augustin Normand in Le Havre, France, on 3 July 1923 with the hull number Q131. She was launched on 3 September 1927. After fitting out, she began her builder′s trials on 1 December 1927 and her official acceptance trials on 3 January 1928, arriving at Le Havre for testing on 14 January 1928. She made her first unrestricted dive on 18 February 1928. Her final equipping and armament for service took place at Cherbourg, France, from 1 August 1928 to 1 October 1929, during which she got underway for additional trials on 17 November 1928, and she was commissioned on 1 November 1929.

Pre-World War II
On 11 July 1932, Danaé participated briefly in the investigation of the loss of the submarine FRENCH SUBMARINE Prométhée, which had sunk suddenly in the English Channel during her sea trials on 7 July 1932 with the loss of 62 lives.

In November 1934 Danaé and the submarines FRENCH SUBMARINE Amazone, FRENCH SUBMARINE Méduse, and FRENCH SUBMARINE La Psyché visited Leith, Scotland.

World War II
When World War II began on 1 September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland, Danaé was part of the 14th Submarine Division — a part of the 2nd Submarine Squadron in the 6th Squadron — along with her sister ships FRENCH SUBMARINE Ariane and Eurydice and the submarine FRENCH SUBMARINE Diane, based at Oran in Algeria. France entered the war on the side of the Allies on 3 September 1939. German ground forces advanced into France on 10 May 1940, beginning the Battle of France, and Italy declared war on France on 10 June 1940 and joined the invasion. The Battle of France ended in France's defeat and an armistice with Germany and Italy on 22 June 1940. When the armistice went into effect on 25 June 1940, Danaé still was based at Oran.

Vichy France
After France′s surrender, Danaé served in the naval forces of Vichy France. On 3 July 1940, the British began Operation Catapult, which sought to seize or neutralize the ships of the French Navy to prevent their use by the Germans, and Danaé was in port at the French naval base at Mers El Kébir at Oran that day when a British naval squadron arrived off the base and demanded that the French Navy either turn over the ships based there to British custody or disable them. The French put their submarines at Oran on alert, and at 15:00 Danaé and Ariane were ready for sea. They anchored in the outer harbor at 15:30 with Diane and Eurydice, and at 17:54 the four submarines received orders to put to sea.

When the British warships opened fire on the French ships in the harbor at 17:57, beginning their attack on Mers-el-Kébir, Danaé was 4 nmi west of Ariane, which was 4 nmi west of Diane, which in turn was 3.5 nmi west of Pointe de l’Aiguille (35.87528°N, -0.48444°W) in Oran Province. None of the four submarines was able to close with the British ships during the battle. After dark, a British aircraft sighted Danaé and Eurydice and dropped illuminated marker buoys to guide a British destroyer to them. The destroyer depth-charged the two submarines, but they escaped damage. During the night of 3–4 July 1940, the four submarines patrolled on the surface off Oran in a north-south patrol line. They remained on patrol off Oran until 20:00 on 4 July 1940 before returning to Oran.

In October 1940, Danaé was placed under guard at Oran in an unarmed and unfueled status in accordance with the terms of the 22 June 1940 armistice.

Loss
Danaé still was in this status when Allied forces invaded French North Africa in Operation Torch on 8 November 1942. She was scuttled at Oran on 9 November 1942 to prevent her capture by Allied forces.