Fuxue Confucian Temple

The Fuxue Confucian Temple of Jinan is located in the Lixia District of the Jinan Prefecture, Shandong Province, China, south of Daming Lake and near old city streets such as Furong Street. It was first built during the Xining period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1068–1077) and rebuilt in the second year of the Ming Hongwu era (1369). By the time of the Republic of China, it had been expanded and rebuilt more than thirty times. The architectural complex faces north and sits south, with a strict layout and grand scale. Major buildings include the Dacheng Gate, Lingxing Gate, Pan Reservoir, Dacheng Hall, Minglun Hall, and Zunjing Pavilion.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the Confucius Temple was occupied by primary schools, factories, and others, leading to the destruction of many buildings. In 1992, it became a protected cultural site of Shandong Province, and in 2005, major renovations began. Surviving ancient buildings were restored, and demolished parts were reconstructed. After restoration, the Confucius Temple regained its function for Confucian worship and became a core part of Jinan's historical and cultural protection area.

Location
The Confucius Temple is located in the western part of the old city of Jinan, south of Daming Lake. The current protected area of the Confucius Temple, while slightly smaller than its heyday, roughly extends from the south of Minghu Road to the north of the Confucius Temple's shadow wall, from the west of Xihuazhengzi Street, Fuxue West Court Street, and Fuxue West Pavilion Street to the east of Xiangmen Lane and Donghuazhengzi Street. The surrounding streets are mostly named after the Confucius Temple, such as Dong and Xi Huazhengzi Streets, named after the brick patterns used on the temple walls (commonly known as Huazhengzi), and the short street on the north side of the Donghuazhengzi Street is called "Xiangmen Lane" because it is located next to the east gate of the temple, and the short street on the east side of Xiangmen Lane is called Panbi Street because it is located outside the east wall of the temple.

History
The Fuxue Confucius Temple of Jinan was established during the Xining period of the Northern Song dynasty (1068–1077) following the regulations of the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province, and is one of the earliest Temples of Confucius. During the Jin period (1213–1216), the temple was destroyed by war and became even more dilapidated by the end of the Yuan Dynasty. It was rebuilt in the second year of the Ming Hongwu era (1369). In the tenth year of the Chenghua era (1474), the magistrate Cai Sheng added two pavilions and built Fangshu Screens. In the thirteenth year of the Chenghua era (1477), the censor Liang Ze expanded the main hall and two pavilions, and built Jimen, Lingxing Gate, and Minglun Hall. It was repaired several times afterward. Although it underwent repairs during the Qing Dynasty, the basic layout remained unchanged. In 1946, the Second Experimental Primary School of Shandong Province was established, using the Confucius Temple as its campus. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, it was renamed Furong Street Primary School. In 1964, the school demolished buildings such as Minglun Hall and built a three-story office and teaching building, relocating the school gate to No. 248 Daming Lake Road. In 1965, the school was officially renamed Daming Lake Road Primary School.

In February 2003, during the first session of the 11th Jinan Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), Cui Dayong, Deputy Director of the Municipal Bureau of Culture, submitted a proposal entitled "Proposal to Relocate Daming Lake Road Primary School and Other Units for the Restoration of Fuxue Confucian Temple of Jinan" to the conference. In September of the same year, nine employees of the Shandong Provincial Museum of Culture and History, including Cai Fengshu and Han Mingxiang, jointly wrote a letter to provincial leaders suggesting the restoration of the Temple. In 2004, relevant departments of Jining City began to formulate restoration plans. On September 10, 2005, the "Millennium Restoration" project of Confucian Temple finally commenced, restoring the remaining buildings such as the Dacheng Hall, Pan Reservoir, Dacheng Gate, screen walls, and dressing rooms, and rebuilding other structures. In October 2006, the restoration of the Dacheng Hall was basically completed. On June 9, 2007, the buildings south of the Dacheng Hall were basically completed and opened to the public for one day. By the end of 2007, with the relocation of Daming Lake Road Primary School completed, the demolition of the original teaching building north of the Dacheng Hall and the reconstruction of the temple buildings officially began. In February 2009, the construction of the Zunjing Pavilion's wooden structure was completed.

According to long-term vision planning, reconstruction of ancient buildings such as Qisheng Temple, Jiaoxiao Temple, Wenchang Temple, Xueshu, Kuixing Tower, and Shepu will also be carried out north of the Confucian Temple; while south of the Confucian Temple, the original streets and lanes will be preserved to restore the old cultural atmosphere. After the demolition of buildings on the west side of the Confucian Temple, Minghuan Temple and Xiangxian Temple will also be rebuilt, forming a westward layout parallel to the main axis of the Confucian Temple.

Organization
According to historical records, the scale of this Confucian Temple is large, with a length of 247 meters and a maximum width of 66 meters. The architectural complex is built around the north-south central axis, with the following buildings along the central axis: screen walls, Dacheng Gate, Lingxing Gate, Pan Reservoir and stone arched bridge, Ping Gate, Ji Gate, Dacheng Hall, Minglun Hall, Huanbi Pavilion, and Zunjing Pavilion.

The screen wall is located south of the temple gate, forming a character "一". Upon entering the temple gate and heading north, there is Lingxing Gate, flanked by square and round pavilions named "Zhongju" and "Zhonggui" respectively. Further north is the semi-circular Pan Reservoir with a stone arched bridge spanning its center. Beyond that is the Ping Gate, with "Zhongying" and "Yuxiu" two pavilions on the east and west sides respectively, and dressing rooms on the east and sacrificial rooms on the west.

Proceeding north is the Ji Gate. Near the eastern wall of the Ji Gate, there is a water pool, and within the pool stands the Fan Jump Pavilion, named "Feiyue Pavilion". Entering the Ji Gate leads to the core building of the Confucian Temple, the Dacheng Hall, flanked by east and west wing halls, forming a closed courtyard. The Dacheng Hall is built on a raised platform, with Imperial Tablet Pavilions on the east and west sides. North of the Dacheng Hall is the Minglun Hall, with two pavilions on each side: Zhidao Hall, Jude Hall, Yiren Hall, and Youyi Hall respectively. Further north is the Zunjing Pavilion, with a water pool in front, and within the pool stands a pavilion named "Huanbi Pavilion". To the east of the Zunjing Pavilion is the Shepu Hall, and to the north are the residences of the instructors and the gate of the Confucian school.

The water of the Pan Reservoir in the Confucian Temple is connected to the water system of Jinan City. The water of Daming Lake flows into the Confucian Temple from the northeast, passes through the water pool of the Fan Jump Pavilion into the Pan Reservoir, then flows out of the Pan Reservoir to the northwest outside the west corridor, around to the water pool in front of the Zunjing Pavilion, then flows eastward and is named "Yudai River". West of the Yudai River, there are buildings such as the Wenchang Pavilion.

Dacheng Hall
The Dacheng Hall of the Jinan Confucian Temple is the largest single ancient building in Jinan City, and one of the largest single-eaved pavilion-roofed ancient buildings still existing in Shandong Province. Its scale ranks third among Dacheng Halls of Confucian temples across China. The hall is nine bays wide, with a width of 34.5 meters from east to west; four bays deep, with a depth of 13.9 meters from north to south; and a height of 13.86 meters, covering an area of approximately 480 square meters. The single-eaved pavilion roof is covered with yellow glazed tile, and the wooden structure follows the lifting beam style, with columns featuring distinct base, corner, and rising parts, retaining the characteristics of Song Dynasty architecture. Dougong are decorated with colorful paintings. Inside the hall, a method of reducing columns is used, with different heights for the ceilings, lower for the central and secondary bays, and higher for the end bays. The east, west, and north sides of the hall are surrounded by eaves walls, and the front eaves on the south side each have a six-panel diamond-patterned screen door, while the end bays have diamond-patterned windows. In the center of the hall are statues of Confucius and the Four Sages, with several plaques inscribed by Qing emperors hanging from the ceiling, all destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. In 2005, a fragmentary plaque inscribed by Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty with the characters "" was accidentally discovered. In September 2009, a new statue of Confucius, 2.72 meters tall, was officially completed, and later the Four Sages and twelve sages were reinstalled, with statues of Confucius' disciples placed in the east and west corridors on the south side of the Dacheng Hall.

The Dacheng Hall was originally situated on a spacious terrace. With the passage of time, the building has deteriorated, the ridge beasts were smashed during the Cultural Revolution, and the foundation of the hall is now level with the ground, lacking its former grandeur. During the reconstruction, engineers employed the method of "dismantling and raising", which involved completely dismantling the main hall, carefully marking its components, raising the foundation, and then attempting to reuse the original materials as much as possible in the reconstruction. After reconstruction, the Dacheng Hall has been raised by 1.5 meters, restoring its former lofty height.

Originally, there were two imperial stele pavilions in front of the Dacheng Hall, one on each side, hexagonal in shape with yellow glazed tile roofs, built during the Kangxi period. The sites and remnants of these pavilions still exist, and some inscribed steles have been preserved. During the construction of the Dacheng Hall, two stone steles were unearthed in front of the hall.

Inscriptions and stone carvings
In the 1950s, there were still 27 Ming and Qing stone steles preserved in the Confucian Temple, including seven plaques in the Dacheng Hall, one plaque in the Minglun Hall, and several other stone carvings. During the Cultural Revolution, most of these cultural relics were destroyed. By the time of the survey in 1982, only a few survived, including the "Reconstruction of the Steles of the Confucian Temple of Jinan" from the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty and the "Prohibition of Teaching and Guidance for Jinan Fuxue Professors and Tutors" from the Daoguang period.

In addition, in 1991, during the repair of buildings at Daming Lake Road Primary School, an important stone carving was unearthed, namely the "Portrait of the Venerated Sage" stele. This stele was originally erected near the Dacheng Hall. The inscription in seal script on the stele reads "Portrait of the Venerated Sage," and it is recorded that "Wu Weiyue imitated the brushwork of Wu Daozi to depict the image of the Venerated Sage." In the center, there is an intaglio carving of Confucius teaching, and on the lower right side, there is an inscription in clerical script stating "Brushwork of Wu Daozi." This stele is currently housed in the Jinan Museum.