Galileo's Dream

Galileo's Dream (2009) is a science fiction novel with elements of historical fiction written by Kim Stanley Robinson. In the book, 17th-century scientist Galileo Galilei is visited by far-future time travellers living on the Galilean moons of Jupiter. Italicised portions of the text within the novel are actually translations of Galileo and his contemporaries' own recorded writings.

It was published in hardcover on August 6, 2009, in the United Kingdom and on December 29, 2009, in the United States.

Synopsis
The novel's action moves back and forth between Renaissance Italy and the Jovian moons of the 32nd century, a utopian society where humans live for centuries and violence is virtually unknown. It is narrated by Cartophilus, a Jovian time-traveller who has assumed an identity as one of Galileo's servants.

Galileo is visited by Ganymede, a time traveler who  transports him to 32nd century Europa. Ganymede hopes that Galileo will aid his campaign to stop the Europans from entering the moon's subsurface ocean and communicating with the intelligent entity that inhabits it. Hera, another Jovian, warns Galileo that Ganymede does not have his best interests at heart. Ganymede gives Galileo a drug that makes him forget what has happened, before returning him to his own time.

On further trips, Galileo learns more about the Jovians' culture, science, and history. Hera warns Galileo that he will be burnt at the stake unless he comes to understand the events of his life better--in particular, his interactions with women and the privileged position he has occupied in a patriarchal society. Through futuristic technology, Galileo relives his relationship with Marina Gamba and other events of his life.

It is revealed that Ganymede hopes to manipulate Galileo into being martyred for science, believing that this will increase the power of science and reduce the suffering that humanity endured in the centuries after Galileo's life. Ganymede injures the Europan intelligence, believing that contact with a vastly superior entity will throw humanity into existential despair. It is revealed that Jupiter itself is an intelligent entity, as are the sun and stars. Galileo and Hera share an experience of transcendental oneness with the universe. They decide to travel back in time once more, to undo Ganymede's assault on the Europan alien.

In between these dimly-remembered trips to the future, Galileo conducts scientific investigations and tries to find a way to publish his heliocentric findings without running afoul of the inquisition. Cartophilus and a few other time-travellers do their best to aid him behind the scenes. He sends his daughters to live in a convent of the Poor Clares, where they are poorly fed despite his best efforts to supply the convent with food. Galileo is eventually brought to trial for heresy, found guilty, and sentenced to house arrest--a humiliating punishment, but far lighter than the sentence of death he could have faced. For a time he finds joy in a domestic life shared with his beloved daughter Maria Celeste, but she dies of dysentery (aggravated by her poor diet) in the last years of his life. Cartophilus eulogizes Galileo and urges the reader to emulate his dedication to describing reality as he saw it: "Push like Galileo pushed! And together we may crab sideways toward the good."

Reception
Robinson was praised for his depiction of Galileo in both his greatness and his weaknesses, and for the handling of themes such as the relation between our perception of time and memory.

Adam Roberts described the book as an homage to Johannes Kepler's Somnium, sometimes identified as the first science fiction novel.