García de Medrano y Álvarez de los Ríos

García de Medrano y Álvarez de los Ríos (Valladolid, July 20, 1604 – 1683) was the regent of Navarre and the prosecutor, mayor and regent of the Audiencia of Seville, lord of San Gregorio, professor at the University of Salamanca, Knight of the Order of Santiago, a crime prosecutor of the Chancery of Valladolid, auditor of Valladolid, auditor of the Council of Finance and the Council of the Indies, Minister of the Treasury, Minister of the Indies, prosecutor and councillor of the Council of Castile, Minister of Justice, Minister of Castile and of its Chamber, Minister of the Inquisition and again councillor of Castile until his death.

Background
García de Medrano was a noble of the Medrano family, the lord of San Gregorio was born in Valladolid and was the fourth nephew of Catalina de Medrano and Luisa de Medrano, the latter being the first female professor at the University of Salamanca in the 16th century. Garciá's son García de Medrano y Mendizabal was the first Count of Torrubia, a Spanish noble title created on 29 August 1694, by King Carlos II.

Career
On October 18, 1626, Don García de Medrano y Álvarez de los Ríos entered the Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé (Salamanca), graduating in Canons. In the year 1630, he was a judge of studies, and two years later, he was appointed to hold the mayorship and prosecutorship of the Audiencia of Seville until 1636. According to Ruiz y Vergara, "He graduated as a Licentiate in Canons at the College in 1636. On October 17, the Council gave him the position of Sixth Chair of Property, above all the other professors who had been promoted before him".

His academic career led him to occupy the Chair of Canons on 17 October 1636, and that of Sextus (Sextus Decretalium) and Clementines (Clementine Constitutions) at the University of Salamanca, as professor. He was Doctor of Canons on September 4, 1638. In 1641, Philip IV of Spain appointed him prosecutor of the Chancery of Valladolid and on February 10, 1643, auditor of Valladolid. García de Medrano was elected regent of Navarre on January 17, 1645, and two years later, auditor of the Treasury Council and the Council of the Indies on September 17, 1648. The appointment as regent of Navarre is a rare and distinguished honour. Such appointments were not handed out casually and were reserved for individuals of exceptional capability and loyalty to the crown.

He was also appointed prosecutor of the Council of Castile on September 11, 1652. Shortly after, on September 25, 1652, he was elected regent of the Audiencia of Seville and therefore, Councilor of Castile. Garcia de Medrano was appointed counselor of the Spanish Inquisition on September 10, 1664, he replaced García de Porres, a position he swore on December 23, 1664. In 1657, he presided over the Chamber of Magistrates in the Audiencia of Seville and was appointed by the king as a visitor and reformer to the University of Alcalá.

Late career and death
On March 26, 1670, he was elected a member of the Council Chamber. Retired in June 1678, he was reinstated in his office on January 1, 1680. He died three years later, on September 3, 1683.

Reformations of Garcia de Medrano at the University of Alcalá
The kings' oversight of the universities they established or safeguarded prompted the dispatch of visitors and reformers. Don Garcia de Medrano was the main envoy sent to the University of Alcala. The reforms implemented marked the conclusion of the university's independence, a principle previously endorsed by the Catholic Church. In the year 1657, Don Garcia de Medrano presided over the Hall of Mayors of Castile and was visitor of the University of Alcalá. A reformation ordered by Philip IV was carried out at the University of Alcalá de Henares. The overseer and reformer for this task was Doctor Don Garcia de Medrano, a member of His Majesty's council and chamber, and of the Supreme Council and General Inquisition.

García de Medrano was tasked with executing the reformation and fulfilling the visitation in the year 1665, with the implementation being carried out in the subsequent year, 1666. The reforms instituted by visitor García de Medrano y Álvarez de los Ríos in 1665 stipulated that chairs in law, theology, and medicine would undergo a competitive process every six years. As for the eight chairs in arts, they held a tenure of only four years, resulting in two chairs becoming vacant annually. Whenever a vacancy arose for any reason, the information was announced in classes and posted publicly for fifteen days. At the conclusion of this period, individuals interested in competing for the chair would present themselves before the rector and councilors of the College of San Ildefonso.

This group oversaw the "taking of points" (tomas puntos). Trial lecture topics were assigned by a boy or "other persons above suspicion" inserting a knife blade into three places in the text assigned to that specific chair. The rector designated three texts or distinctions from these pages, allowing the contestant to choose one as the subject for their lecture. Contestants selected their points based on seniority by degree and faculty, after which they were allocated twenty-four hours to prepare a Latin lecture, subsequently delivered on the assigned topic. Originally, these competitive lectures were heard by the students, who then cast their votes based on preference. However, despite stringent regulations, this process led to considerable tumult and corruption. Consequently, the crown eventually annulled this provision of the founder, reserving the final selection for the Council of Castile.

Student voting for chairs at Salamanca was abolished in 1641, it seems likely that similar steps would have been taken at Alcalá about the same time. By the mid-eighteenth century, the council had shifted to allocating chairs solely based on seniority and college connections. Additionally, Medrano's six-year limit on tenure was observed only in a formal manner. Vacancy edicts were posted for only three days in the classroom of the professor whose term had ended. This professor would naturally enter the competition, be assumed as the sole candidate, and thus "repossessed" of their chair without a genuine contest.

Furthermore, the powers of the cloister were confined by Medrano to matters related to granting degrees, waiving courses, and the minutiae of academic administration. The cloister lacked control over the university's finances, the selection of professors, and the design of the curriculum. However, it did possess the privilege to choose councilors from the faculties of theology, canon law, and medicine to represent its interests in the rector's deliberations. Despite this formal right, these appointed officers appeared to exert minimal influence on actual policy in practice.

Family
Don García de Medrano y Álvarez de los Ríos was born in Valladolid, and baptized in the parish of Santa María Magdalena on July 20, 1604. He was the son of Don García de Medrano y Castejon, owner of the Casa Fuerte de San Gregorio and lord of San Gregorio (Soria), and Maria de los Rios y Mendoza. His mother was born in Soria and baptized in the parish of Santa María Magdalena on September 27, 1561. This marriage was the root and origin of one of the most widespread families of legal professionals serving the monarchy during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Ancestry
Don García de Medrano y Álvarez de los Ríos is the paternal grandson of Don García de Medrano y Vinuesa, born in Soria, and his wife Catalina de Castejon. His grandfather was lord of San Gregorio and the second cousin of Luisa de Medrano. The castle of San Gregorio is a fortified castle house built by his direct ancestor Don Diego Lopez de Medrano, father of Luisa de Medrano, on July 29, 1461. Don García de Medrano y Álvarez de los Ríos was born into the house of Medrano, ancient and well-known high nobility from the Kingdom of Navarre. He is a direct descendant of the Navarrese regent Don Juan Martinez de Medrano.

Relatives
García de Medrano is also the great-uncle of Francisco Antonio de Agurto Salcedo Medrano Zúñiga, Captain General and Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, and a contemporary relative of Tomas Fernandez de Medrano and Pedro Velaz de Medrano.

García de Medrano y Castejon
His father Garcia de Medrano y Castejon earned his bachelor's degree in Laws, and was admitted to the College of San Bartolomé in Salamanca on March 1, 1573. His father then obtained a master's degree in Laws. Medrano's father continued to study at the college until he was appointed as an alcalde del Crimen (criminal judge) of the Royal Audiencia and Chancery of Granada on February 17, 1584, replacing Licenciado Escobar.

Philip III ascended to the Spanish throne in 1598. Garcia's father was granted the role of prosecutor in the Council of Orders, for which he swore an oath in the court on May 4, 1599. He held this position for a short time. On March 3, 1600, his father took office as a minister in the Council of Orders and was granted a habit of the Order of Santiago in 1600. Finally, he was promoted to a supernumerary position in the Royal Council of Castile on February 21, 1604. He began to serve in this position a few months later, on February 21, 1604, and he remained in it until his death. Just before his passing, while already ill, he requested (on August 23, 1604) to be granted the encomienda of Ocaña from the Order of Santiago.

Compilation of the Chapter Laws of the Order of Knighthood of Santiago by García de Medrano y Castejon
Don García de Medrano y Álvarez de los Ríos and his father Don García de Medrano y Castejon were knights of the Order of Santiago, the latter held a seat in the Council of Orders. His father García made significant changes to the laws within the Order of Santiago, compiled within a book he wrote for the Order. Medrano's work was published in Madrid in 1605 called "Compilation of the Chapter Laws of the Order of Knighthood of Santiago of the Sword, Compiled and arranged by Licenciado Don García de Medrano, of the Royal Council of Justice". Another edition of the book was published in Madrid entitled "La regla de la cavalleria de Santiago del Espada (The rule and establishment of the knighthood of Santiago of the Sword, with the history of its origin and principle thereof)," published in Madrid, 1627. In year 1600, the Council of Orders met in the Chapel of Santa Ana of Madrid to appoint Don García de Medrano y Castejon for this task: "In the town of Madrid, from the Diocese of Toledo, on Tuesday, the sixth day of the month of June, in the year one thousand six hundred, being together in a general chapter of the Order of Santiago, in the Chapel of Santa Ana, of the Parish Church of Santa Maria of the said town, the Signatories... agreed and stated that, given that by the chapter laws of the said Order, the vassals thereof are governed, and these, being ancient and with the course of time, things having changed, might find themselves in need of some correction; therefore, they committed and commissioned Señor Don García de Medrano, Knight of the habit of Santiago and of the Council of the Orders, to make diligence over the said chapter laws, and each one of them, reviewing them, and noting what he sees in need of revocation, amendment, or declaration, and once the said diligence is done, to bring it to the said Chapter, so that with it, what is most conducive for the service of God and the good of the said Order may be seen and determined. Of all the above, I, Licentiate Alonso Sánchez, Notary Public and Vicar of our Lady of Tudela, of the said general chapter, give true testimony, as it happened before me." On page 14, García de Medrano y Castejon himself explains: "In compliance with the order of the Chapter, I reviewed all the laws of this book with great care and diligence, removing those that were no longer necessary, and in others, according to the changing times, increased the penalties for offenders. All the laws of the Kingdom, which say the same thing, were put in place for my temporal governance, and for the spiritual, what was established in the Holy Council of Trent was also included: all of which was seen and approved in the said Chapter. It has been beneficial work for the Order, and I am ready to serve it in whatever capacity I am entrusted with, with great pleasure. Don García de Medrano." Within his father's book, Philip III of Spain himself writes about: "the obligation We have to order and which pertains to the good governance of our subjects (to which with the help of God we strive to attend in all parts) calls us particularly to comply with much care in what concerns the good state of the Military Orders and to maintain as we do in their administration, care of the spiritual and temporal; and being as they are Religious Orders...it is of greater service to our Lord to preserve them in their good state and strive for them to grow in virtue and religion..." King Philip III of Spain was the administrator of the Order of Chivalry of Santiago by Apostolic authority, he agreed to make some new establishments, and to smooth and correct some of the old ones, and leave the others as they were, and from all of them, to make a book, entrusted to García de Medrano y Castejon, to compile everything into one book in the form that follows, mandating, as he expressly command, that the said establishments contained in this book be kept, fulfilled, and executed with complete punctuality, according to God and the Order.

Marriage and issue
Don García de Medrano y Álvarez de los Ríos was married to María Ignacia de Mendizábal y Uribe and together they had three sons:


 * Don García de Medrano y Mendizabal, I Count of Torrubia, born in Madrid on September 7, 1652, and died on March 3, 1695. He was a Knight of the Order of Calatrava, lord of San Gregorio, alcalde of hijosdalgo in Valladolid (1675), oidor of Valladolid (1680), alcalde of Casa y Corte (1684), and a member of the Council of Orders (1690). He is the first born son and heir, and held the title of first Count of Torrubia. The county of Torrubia is a Spanish noble title created on August 29, 1694, by King Carlos II in favor of Don García de Medrano y Mendizabal. He was perpetual regidor of the city of Soria, and procurator of Cortes for the city of Soria (1660). He entered the major college of the archbishop of Salamanca in 1671. He became rector of the University of Salamanca after his brother Domingo. He was granted the title of Count of Torrubia shortly before his death on November 23, 1692. As he died without any descendants, he was succeeded by his brother Andrés (1695).
 * Don Andres de Medrano y Mendizabal, II Count of Torrubia, Born in Seville on November 5, 1654, and died in Madrid on December 22, 1720, Knight of the Order of Calatrava and a councilor of Castile. Like his father, he became counselor and collegiate of San Bartolomé at the University of Salamanca. Born in Seville on November 5, 1654, and died in Madrid on December 22, 1720. Andrés became the chief judge of Vizcaya and then an oidor in Valladolid, before being promoted to a supernumerary position in the Council of Finance. Andrés was later appointed as a councilor of the Royal Council of Castile and served in this position until his retirement. He was then granted a place in the Council of Castile, where he remained until his death. Domingo and García de Medrano, fourth nephews of Luisa de Medrano, were rectors of the University of Salamanca in 1668–1669. The Counts of Torrubia would inherit the County of Mollina, Grande de España, Marquisate of Villamayor, and unite with the Dukes of Villahermosa, Dukes of Sotomayor, Dukes of Alba, Marquisate of Salamanca and the Marquisate of Las Nieves. Don Andres de Medrano married Maria Francisca de Angulo y Albizu, sister of María de las Nieves Angulo y Arbizu, I Marquesa de las Nieves, daughters of Juan de Angulo, Secretary of State of the Universal Dispatch, and Manuela de Albizu y Villamayor.
 * Don Domingo de Medrano y Mendizabal born in 1650, died in 1672. Domingo de Medrano was a knight in the Order of Calatrava, Judge of Degrees in Sevilla (1672), a Chief Judge of Vizcaya (June 2, 1676), an oidor in Valladolid (1683), a counselor of Finance (1693), a counselor of Castile (1697) and its Chamber (1720), professor and rector at the University of Salamanca. Domingo is also the fourth nephew of Luisa de Medrano.

Rectors and professors of Salamanca University
For at least about 160 years, many members in the House of Medrano were linked to the University of Salamanca: in 1508, Don Luis de Medrano was the rector and his sister Luisa de Medrano was the first female professor at the University of Salamanca and potentially all of Europe. The next generation of the Medrano family also produced two rectors at the University of Salamanca: Domingo and García de Medrano y Mendizábal, both fourth nephews of Luisa de Medrano and knights of the Order of Calatrava. The Book of the university's Claustro for the year 1668-1669 describes Domingo's abdication and García's election for the rest of the year very clearly. The Book of the university's Claustro of 1668-1669 indicates that Domingo de Medrano, due to urgent business in Madrid, was forced to resign, and was succeeded by García de Medrano y Mendizábal, undoubtedly his brother. The younger sons of this family were also there, studying scholarship, while the eldest son, Andrés, Count of Torrubia, held the title of Lord of San Gregorio.

Marquessate of Villamayor
José Juan de Medrano y Angulo (d. July 25, 1765) was the IV Marquess of Villamayor and III Count of Torrubia, son of Andrés de Medrano y Mendizábal (1653-1720), knight of the Order of Calatrava, II count of Torrubia, and María Francisca de Angulo y Albizu (m. 1724). He married on November 27, 1737, with Isabel de Luján y Colón de Larreátegui (m. 1749). He was the father of Joaquín Felipe de Medrano Luján y Arce (September 14, 1742 - September 20, 1799), V Marquess of Villamayor and IV count of Torrubia.

Marquessate of Las Nieves
Another Marquessate was inherited by the house of Medrano. María de las Nieves Angulo y Arbizu, I Marquesa de las Nieves was succeeded by her great-niece María, daughter of José Juan de Medrano y Angulo, III Count of Torrubia —son of Andrés de Medrano y Mendizábal, II Count of Torrubia and María Francisca de Angulo y Arbizu, sister of the first Marquesa de las Nieves—, and Isabel de Luján y Colon de Larreategui; Isabel was a descendant of Cristopher Colombus. María de la Concepción de Medrano y Luján (January 28, 1744 – January 1, 1798), 2nd Marquesa de las Nieves. She married on December 8, 1757, with José de Feloaga (1720-1791). The Marquesado de las Nieves, is a Spanish nobility title, created on November 29, 1725, by King Felipe V, in favor of María de las Nieves Angulo y Arbizu, wife of José de Feloaga y Vargas, III Marquess of Navahermosa.

Medrano unites with the Dukes of Gor
Garcia de Medrano's descendant Maria became Duchess of Gor, Grandee, by marriage. The title's name refers to the town of Gor in the province of Granada. García de Medrano's great-great-granddaughter Duchess María del Carmen Chacón Medrano married Don Nicolás Mauricio Álvarez de las Asturias Bohorques y Vélez Ladrón de Guevara, Verdugo y Enríquez de Sevilla, I Duke of Gor.

Duchess María del Carmen Chacón Medrano was the daughter of Francisco Chacón-Manrique de Lara Medrano, who in turn was the son of Manuela Tomasa Medrano Angulo (1695), daughter of Andrés de Medrano y Mendizábal, II Count of Torrubia (1654), son of García de Medrano y Álvarez de los Ríos.

The Duchess was born in Seville on July 17, 1772, and died in Madrid on May 2, 1860, belonging to –by her paternal father Francisco Chacón-Manrique de Lara Medrano (1729-1785)– a branch to the county house of Mollina, and by her maternal mother María Del Carmen Carrillo de Albornoz Jacome de Linden (1738) to the ducal of Montemar (de Medrano and de Linden both married on 2 February 1791).

The Royal architect and engineer, teacher of Charles III of Spain and the infantes and Major Royal Governor of Mathematics of the Kingdom of Naples, Giovanni Antonio de Medrano received –in the Kingdom of Naples, after the May 1734 battle of Bitonto (Bari), won by the Count of Montemar Don José Castillo de Albornoz,– a commission from King Charles III; of an obelisk in Bitonto commemorative of the military triumph in the form of a pyramid, whose four faces were dedicated to the king of Naples and Sicily himself, his father Felipe V and the victorious general Don José Carrillo de Albornoz, at the head of a Hispanici Exercitus.

García de Medrano's great-great-great-grandson José Alvarez de las Asturias Bohorques y Chacón Medrano (born January 10, 1794, Barcelona, Cataluña, Spain), Lieutenant Colonel of Cavalry of the National Armies of Spain, married with Maria Josefa Simona Bellvis de Moncada y Palafox Alvarez de Toledo y Portocarrero, XVII Marchioness of Vallhermoso de Tajuña and V Marquesa de Bélgida, Grandee of Spain. José Alvarez de las Asturias Bohorques y Chacón Medrano's mother in law, Maria Benita de los Dolores Palafox y Portocarrero, was the legitimate aunt of the Empress of France; being the youngest sister of Cipriano de Palafox, and the youngest daughter of Felipe Palafox y Croy and María Francisca de Sales Portocarrero y Zúñiga. Empress Eugénie de Montijo was born to Cipriano de Palafox, Duke of Peñaranda del Duero, and María Manuela Enriqueta Kirkpatrick de Closbourn y Grevignée.

José's brother was Mariano Nicolás Álvarez de las Asturias Bohorques y Chacón Medrano Carrillo de Albornoz y Guevara (b. 1799, d. 1851), II Duke of Gor, VII Marquess of Trujillos, VI count of Torrepalma, VIII count of Canillas de los Torneros de Enríquez, viscount of Caparacena, and of Abusejo. He married María de la O Jacoba Guiráldez y Cañas, VIII Viscountess of Valoria, daughter of Jaime Guiráldez y Mendoza. By way of this marriage all the domains and possessions of the Valoria family, including the province of Burgos, castle of Olmillos de Sasamón, and all their fiefs were incorporated into the duchy of Gor. Mariano's son Mauricio Álvarez de las Asturias Bohorques y Guiráldez (1819 -1877) succeeded him as the III Duke of Gor.

The Duke of Gor's library is one of the largest collections in Spain. With over 20,000 volumes, it became one of the finest privately owned libraries in Spain. This extensive literary collection included various Arabic codices, letters, manuscripts, and poetry from both Luis de Góngora and Francisco Quevedo; Góngora and Quevedo frequently attended the Medrano Academy (Poetic Academy of Madrid), led by the founder and president Sebastian Francisco de Medrano. The collection also contained several 15th-century incunabula. The origin of the library that has survived into the 20th century, known in Granada as the Duke of Gor's Library, dates back to the late 17th century with the inclusion of a vast collection of books by Don Pedro Verdugo de Albornoz y Ursúa, II Count of Torrepalma. The collection was acquired in 1962 by the multimillionaire banker Bartolomé March, one of General Francisco Franco's financial advisers. The Dukes of Gor's collection, which formed the largest and most important part of March's collection, was catalogued in 1907.