Geoffrey Fryer

Geoffrey Fryer (born, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, 6 August 1927) is a British biologist.

Education
Huddersfield College, and University of London.

Personal life
Married Vivienne Hodgson, 1953. One son [1961] and one daughter [1963].

Career
Deputy Chief Scientific Officer, Windermere Laboratory, Freshwater Biological Association 1981-1988. Honorary Professor, University of Lancaster since 1988.

Honours
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1972. Awarded the Zoological Society of London Frink Medal in 1983 and the Linnean Medal in 1987.

Tribute
Fish named after Fryer:
 * The cichlid Alticorpus geoffreyi Snoeks & Walapa 2004
 * The Lake Malawi cichlid Sciaenochromis fryeri Konings, 1993

Selected publications
 Note: A regional bibliography by Armsby, A.F. (2010) lists (pp. 172-173) Fryer's many additional natural history notes and publications specific chiefly to the English Lake District (Cumbria).


 * Fryer, G. Greenwood, P.H., & Trewavas, E.. 1955: Scale-eating habits of African cichlid fishes. Nature, 175: 1089–1090. PDF

Fryer, G., & Iles, T.. 1955: Predation pressure and evolution in Lake Nyasa. Nature, 176: 470. PDF

Fryer, G. 1956: New species of cichlid fishes from Lake Nyasa. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 53: 81–91.

Fryer, G. 1956. Biological notes on some cichlid fishes of Lake Nyasa. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 54: 1–7.

Fryer, G. 1956: A new species of Labeotropheus from Lake Nyasa, with a redescription of Labeotropheus fuelleborni Ahl, and some notes on the genus Labeotropheus (Pisces: Cichlidae). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 54: 280–289.

Fryer, G. 1956: New species of cyclopoid and harpacticoid copepods from sandy beaches of Lake Nyasa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12), 9: 225–249.

Fryer, G. 1956: A report on the parasitic Copepoda and Branchiura of the fishes of Lake Nyasa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 127 (3): 293–344. PDF

Fryer, G. 1957: Freeliving freshwater Crustacea from Lake Nyasa and adjoining waters. Part I. Copepoda. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 53: 62–86.

Fryer, G. 1957: Freeliving freshwater Crustacea from Lake Nyassa and adjoining waters. Part II. Cladocera and Conchostraca. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 53: 223–239.

Fryer, G. 1957: Freeliving freshwater Crustacea from Lake Nyassa and adjoining waters. Part III. General remarks with notes on certain Malacostraca and Ostracoda. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 53: 527–536.

Fryer, G. 1957: The food of some freshwater cyclopoid copepods and its ecological significance. Journal of Animal Ecology, 26: 263–286. Abstract & excerpt

Fryer, G. 1957: A new species of Gephyrochromis (Pisces: Cichlidae) from Lake Nyasa, with notes on its ecology and affinities. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 55: 347–352.

Fryer, G. 1958: Occurrence of spermatophores in the genus Dolops (Crustacea: Branchiura). Nature, 181: 1011. DOI: 10.1038/1811011b0

Fryer, G. 1959: The trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of Lake Nyasa with especial reference to the fishes, and a discussion of the evolution of a group of rock-frequenting Cichlidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 132: 153–281. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1959.tb05521.x PDF

Fryer, G. 1959: A report on the parasitic Copepoda and Branchiura of the fishes of Lake Bangweulu (Northern Rhodesia). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 132 (4): 517–550. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1959.tb05535.x

Fryer, G. 1959: Some aspects of evolution in Lake Nyasa. Evolution, 13 (4): 440–451.

Fryer, G. 1960: Evolution of fishes in Lake Nyasa. Evolution, 14: 396–400.

Fryer, G. 1960: Some controversial aspects of speciation of African cichlid fishes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 133: 629–647. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05866.x

Fryer, G. 1960: The spermatophores of Dolops ranarum (Crustacea, Branchiura): their structure, formation, and transfer. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 101 (4): 407–432. Summary PDF

Fryer, G. 1960: The feeding mechanism of some atyid prawns of the genus Caridina. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 64: 217–244.

Fryer, G. 1960: Studies on some parasitic crustaceans on African freshwater fishes, with descriptions of a new copepod of the genus Ergasilus and a new branchiuran of the genus Chonopeltis. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 133 (4): 629–647. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05584.x

Fryer, G. 1961: The parasitic Copepoda and Branchiura of the fishes of Lake Victoria and the Victoria Nile. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 137 (1): 41–60. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1961.tb06160.x

Fryer, G. 1961: Larval development in the genus Chonopeltis (Crustacea: Branchiura). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 137 (1): 61–69. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1961.tb06161.x

Fryer, G. 1964: Further studies on the parasitic Crustacea of African freshwater fishes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 143: 79–102.

Fryer, G. 1965: Predation and its effects on migration and speciation in African fishes: a comment. With further comments by P.H. Greenwood, a reply by P.B.N. Jackson and a footnote and postscript by G. Fryer. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 144 (3): 301–322. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb05180.x

Trewavas, E. & Fryer, G. 1965: Species of Tilapia (Pisces, Cichlidae) in Lake Kitangiri, Tanzania, East Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 147 (1): 108–118. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb01880.x

Fryer, G. 1965: Parasitic crustaceans of African freshwater fishes from the Nile and Niger systems. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 145 (2): 285–303. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb02018.x

Fryer, G. 1966: Branchinecta gigas Lynch, a non-filter-feeding raptatory anostracan, with notes on the feeding habits of certain other anostracans. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 177 (1): 19–34. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1966.tb00948.x

Fryer, G. 1968: The parasitic Crustacea of African freshwater fishes: their biology and distribution. Journal of Zoology (London), 156 (1): 45–95.

Fryer, G. 1968: Evolution and adaptive radiation in the Chydoridae (Crustacea: Cladocera): a study in comparative functional morphology and ecology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B (Biological Science), 254: 221–385.

Fryer, G. 1969: A new freshwater species of the genus Dolops (Crustacea: Branchiura) parasitic on a galaxiid fish of Tasmania-with comments on disjunct distribution patterns in the southern hemisphere. Australian Journal of Zoology, 17 (1): 49–64. DOI: 10.1071/ZO9690049

Fryer, G. 1969: Speciation and adaptive radiation in African lakes. Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, 17: 303–322.

Fryer, G. 1969: Tubular and glandular organs in the Cladocera, Chydoridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 48 (1): 1–8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1969.tb00702.x

Fryer, G., & Iles, T.D.. 1969: Alternative routes to evolutionary success as exhibited by African cichlid fishes of the genus Tilapia and the species flocks of the Great Lakes. Evolution, 23: 359–369.

Fryer, G. 1970: Defaecation in some macrothricid and chydorid cladocerans, and some problems of water intake and digestion in the Anomopoda. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 49 (4): 255–269. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1970.tb00741.x

Fryer, G. & Iles, T.D. 1972: The cichlid fishes of the Great Lakes of Africa: Their biology and evolution. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh; TFH Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey; 641 pp. ISBN 0-05-002347-0

Fryer, G. 1972: Conservation of the Great Lakes of East Africa: a lesson and a warning. Biological Conservation, 4 (4): 256–262.

Fryer, G. 1972: Observations on the ephippia of certain macrothricid cladocerans. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 51 (1): 79–96. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1972.tb00774.x

Fryer, G. 1974: Evolution and adaptive radiation in the Macrothricidae (Crustacea: Cladocera): a study in comparative functional morphology and ecology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B (Biological Science), 269 (898): 137–274. Abstract & excerpt

Fryer, G. 1976: Adaptation, speciation and time. Zoologica Scripta, 5 (1-4): 171–172. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00695.x

Fryer, G. 1977: On some species of Chonopeltis (Crustacea: Branchiura) from the rivers of the extreme South West Cape region of Africa. Journal of Zoology, 182 (4): 441–455. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04161.x

Fryer, G. 1977: Evolution of species flocks of cichlid fishes in African lakes. Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 15: 141–165. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1977.tb00535.x

Fryer, G. & Forshaw, Olive 1979: The freshwater Crustacea of the island of Rhum (Inner Hebrides). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 11 (4): 333–367. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00043.x

Potts, W.T.W. & Fryer, G. 1979: The effects of pH and salt content on sodium balance in Daphnia magna and Acantholeberis curvirostris (Crustacea: Cladocera). Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systems, and Environmental Physiology, 129: 289–294. DOI: 10.1007/BF00686983

Fryer, G. 1980: Acidity and species diversity in freshwater crustacean faunas. Freshwater Biology, 10 (1): 41–45. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1980.tb01178.x

Fryer, G. 1981: Two-egged ephippia in the chydorid Cladocera. Freshwater Biology, '11 (4): 391–394. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1981.tb01270.x

Fryer, G. 1982: A new species of Afrolernaea (Copepoda: Lernaeidae) parasitic on mormyrid fishes in Gabon and a discussion of its affinities. Journal of Zoology, 196 (4): 453–462. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1982.tb03517.x

Fryer, G. 1982: The parasitic Copepoda and Branchiura of British freshwater fishes. A handbook and key. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No. 46. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside. ISBN 0900386444

Fryer, G., Greenwood, P.H., & Peake, J.F.. 1983: Punctuated equilibria, morphological stasis and the palaeontological documentation of speciation: a biological appraisal of a case history in an African lake. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 20: 195–205.

Fryer, Greenwood, P.H., & Peake, J.F.. 1985: The demonstration of speciation in fossil molluscs and living fishes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 26: 325–336.

Fryer, G. 1985: An ecological validation of a taxonomic distinction: the ecology of Acanthocyclops vernalis and A. robustus (Crustacea: Copepoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 84 (2): 165–180. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01797.x

Fryer, G. 1985: Structure and habits of living branchiopod crustaceans and their bearing on the interpretation of fossil forms. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 76: 103–113.

Fryer, G. 1985: Crustacean diversity in relation to the size of water bodies: some facts and problems. Freshwater Biology, 15: 347–361. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1985.tb00206.x

Fryer, G. 1985: The ecology and distribution of the genus Daphnia (Crustacea: Cladocera) in restricted areas: the pattern in Yorkshire. Journal of Natural History, 19 (1): 97–128. DOI: 10.1080/00222938500770051

Fryer, G. 1986: Enemy-free space: a new name for an ancient ecological concept. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 27 (3): 287–292. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1986.tb01738.x

Fryer, G. 1987: A new classification of the branchiopod Crustacea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 91 (4): 357–383. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1987.tb01420.x

Fryer, G. 1987: Morphology and the classification of the so-called Cladocera. Hydrobiologia, 145: 19–28. DOI: 10.1007/BF02530261

Fryer, G. 1987: The feeding mechanisms of the Daphniidae (Crustacea: Cladocera): recent suggestions and neglected considerations. Journal of Plankton Research, 9 (3): 419–432. DOI: 10.1093/plankt/9.3.419

Fryer, G. 1987: Quantitative and qualitative: numbers and reality in the study of living organisms. Freshwater Biology, 17 (1): 177–189. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1987.tb01039.x

Fryer, G. 1988: Studies on the functional morphology and biology of the Notostraca (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B (Biological Science), 321: 27–124. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1988.0091

Fryer, G. 1991: A natural history of lakes, tarns and streams of the English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association Special Publications No. 1, 384 pp. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside. ISBN 9780900386503

Fryer, G. 1991: A daphnid ephippium (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda) of Cretaceous age. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 102: 163–167. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00287.x

Fryer, G. 1992: The origin of the Crustacea. Acta Zoologica, 73: 273–286. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1992.tb01092.x

Fryer, G. 1993: The freshwater Crustacea of Yorkshire: a faunistic and ecological survey. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. ISBN 0-9521638-1-0

Fryer, G. 1995: Phylogeny and adaptive radiation within the Anomopoda: a preliminary exploration. Hydrobiologia, 307 (1-3): 57–68. DOI: 10.1007/BF00031997

Fryer, G. 1996: The carapace of the branchiopod Crustacea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B (Biological Science), 351: 1703–1712. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1996.0152

Fryer, G. 1996: Diapause, a potent force in the evolution of freshwater crustaceans. Hydrobiologia, 320: 1–14. DOI: 10.1007/BF00016800

Fryer, G. 1996: Reflections on arthropod evolution. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 58: 1–55. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01659.x

Fryer, G. 1996: Endemism, speciation and adaptive radiation in great lakes. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 45: 109–131.

Alekseev, V.R & Fryer, G. (eds.) 1996: Diapause in the Crustacea. Developments in Hydrobiology, 114: 256 pp. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-3997-7

Alekseev, V. & Fryer, G. 1996: Preface. Hydrobiologia, 320: ix. DOI: 10.1007/BF00016799

Fryer, G. 1999: A comment on a recent phylogenetic analysis of certain orders of the branchiopod crustacea. Crustaceana, 72 (9): 1039–1050. Abstract & excerpt Fryer, G. 1999: The case of the one-eyed brine shrimp: are ancient atavisms possible? Journal of Natural History, 33: 791–798. DOI: 10.1080/002229399300100

Fryer, G. 1999: Cambrian animals: evolutionary curiosities or the crucible of creation? Hydrobiologia, 403: 1–11. DOI: 10.1023/A:1003799411987

Fryer, G. 1999: Local knowledge of the fishes of the ancient lakes of Africa, and an example of comprehensive understanding. Pp. 263-270 in: Kawanabe, H., Coulter, G., & Roosevelt, C. (eds.). Ancient lakes: their cultural and biological diversities. Kenobi Productions, Ghent.

Fryer, G. 2000: Unanticipated diversity: the discovery and biological exploration of Africa's ancient lakes. Pp. 1-15 in: Rossiter, A., & Kawanabe, H. (eds). Ancient lakes: Biodiversity, ecology and evolution. Advances in Ecological Research, 31. Academic Press, London.

Fryer, G. 2001: The elucidation of branchiopod phylogeny. Crustaceana, 74 (1): 105–114.

Fryer, G. 2001: On the age and origin of the species flock of haplochromine cichlid fishes of Lake Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London (Series B), 268 (1472): 1147–1152. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1601 PDF

Fryer, G. 2002: Branchiopod phylogeny: facing the facts. Crustaceana, 75: 85–88. JSTOR

Fryer, G. & Stanley, G.D., Jr. 2004: A Silurian porpitoid hydrozoan from Cumbria, England, and a note on porpitoid relationships. DOI: 10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00402.x

Fryer, G. 2004: Daphnia shoals: their behaviour and co-ordination. A problem for the field naturalist. Naturalist, 129 (1049): 41–60.

Fryer, G. 2006: Evolution in ancient lakes: radiation of Tanganyikan atyid prawns and speciation of pelagic cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi. Hydrobiologia, 568 (Supplement 1): 131–142. DOI: 10.1007/s10750-006-0322-x

Fryer, G. 2006: The brine shrimp's tale: a topsy turvy evolutionary fable. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 88 (3): 377–382. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00623.x

Fryer, G. 2007: Erratum. Evolution in ancient lakes: radiation of Tanganyikan atyid prawns and speciation of pelagic cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi. Hydrobiologia, 596 (1): 425–426. DOI: 10.1007/s10750-007-9155-5

Hooper, H.L., Connon, R., Callaghan, A., Fryer, G., et al. 2008: The ecological niche of Daphnia magna characterized using population growth rate. Ecology, 89 (4): 1015–1022. PDF

Fryer, G. & Boxshall, G.A. 2009: The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 155 (3): 513–541. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00455.x

Fryer, G. & Flössner, D. 2016: An Early Cretaceous anomopod (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) preserved in amber that reveals an unexpected venture during the evolution of the order JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY, 2016, VOL. 50, NOS. 21–22, 1291–1304 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1134693 -->