George Saint-Paul

Georges Saint-Paul (April 17, 1870 – April 7, 1937) was a French military doctor in general practice, a researcher and the author of literary and scientific works under the pseudonyms of: G. Espé de Metz and Dr Laupts.

Biography
Georges Saint-Paul was born in Montigny-lès-Metz, France on 17 April 1870. He received his medical degree in France in 1892.

After joined the French armed forces, Saint-Paul served as a Doctor-major in Algeria, then in Tunisia. He was then stationed in France at Tours, then Nancy. In 1926, Saint-Paul was appointed director of the Armed Forces Health Service, in Nancy, with the rank of general.

In 1931, he created the Association of Geneva places, to promote areas intended to accommodate civilians in the event of armed conflict, anticipating the principles of the Geneva conventions of 1949.

Saint-Paul died on April 7, 1937, at the Château de Rassay, near Genillé in Indre-et-Loire, France.

Works
Saint-Paul, at the instigation of Alexandre Lacassagne, carried out work on interior language. Defender of a scientific psychology, he intended to democratize the method of introspection by applying it to a large sample of individuals. His program is based on what he calls "cerebrology", or science of the brain, a scientific-medical method allowing to pass from individual psychology to a form of general psychology.

Saint-Paul published several scientific works, including on queer love, which he called "sexual inversion" first, and then "homosexuality", under the pseudonym of Dr. Laupts. In particular, he published a censored version of the text known as the “Roman d’un inverti” or Novel of an Invert, a series of letters sent to Émile Zola in 1889 by an anonymous 23-year-old Italian aristocrat, who recounted his love affairs with men to the novelist. Saint-Paul published a redacted version of the letters in 1894-1895 in the medical journal Archives d’anthropologie criminelle and in a book in 1896, ''Tares et poisons. Perversion et perversité sexuelles'', with a preface by Zola. In September 1896, the author of the letters to Zola addressed the doctor directly, reacting to the publication of his letters to Zola. Parts of this letter to Saint-Paul were published by the doctor in 1910 in L’Homosexualité et les Types homosexuels and in 1930 in Invertis et homosexuels. It was not until 2017 that the letters to Zola and Saint-Paul were published in their entirety. This new uncensored version was published in English in 2022.

Early in his career, Saint-Paul established an epistolary relationship with the German researcher Paul Näcke. In 1908, Saint Paul distanced himself from Näcke about his thesis on the "degeneration of France", through the journal Archives de l'anthropologie criminelle.

Saint-Paul also published more literary, dramatic or poetic works, under the pseudonym of G. Espé de Metz. Under the same alias he contributed to the discussion of colonialism in the press, especially around Algeria. Saint-Paul coined the term "endophasia", which he associated with introspection.

Publications
read
 * Under his own name
 * Essays on inner language, Lyon, Stock, 1892
 * Inner Language and Paraphasias, Paris, Félix Alcan, 1904
 * The art of public speaking. Aphasia and mental language, Paris, Octave Doin & fils, 1912
 * The global role of the military doctor, preceded by a study on the role of the group of stretcher bearers (G.B.D.) during the war, 1918
 * Invert and homosexuals, coll. "Thème psychologique", Paris, Vigot, 1930 - 3rd augmented edition (Laupts, 1896 and 1910)
 * Under the name Dr. Laupts
 * Tares and poisons. Perversion and sexual perversity. A medical investigation into the inversion. The novel of an invert-born. The Wilde trial. Healing and prophylaxis of inversion, preface by Émile Zola, Paris, G. Carré, 1896.
 * Homosexuality and homosexual types, preface by Émile Zola, Paris, Vigot, 1910 - augmented edition of 1896.
 * Under the name G. Espé de Metz
 * Souvenirs from Tunisia and Algeria, Tunis, J. Danguin, Libraire-Éditeur, 1909.
 * Vers l'Empire ..., Paris, Ambert, 1913.
 * By the settlers: Algeria to the Algerians and by the Algerians, ПParis, Émile Larose Libraire-Éditeur, 1914.
 * Prosodic themes, Paris, Berger-Levrault, 1929.
 * I appeal to the civilized world: open letter to the members of the S.d.N.,Paris, R. Brumauld, 1929
 * Psychological themes. Poetry, Prosodism, Grammar, Paris, Vigot and Debresse, 1934.
 * Ludibria venti. Amusettes, Paris, Debresse, 1935.