German youth language

German youth language or Youth Communication (Jugendsprache) describes the linguistic patterns and characteristics used by German adolescents. Speech patterns vary by age, era, and location. According to Helmut Glück (2005), the term is not strictly defined. Heinrich Löffler refers to Jugendsprache as a transitory non-standard language (“Lebensalter-Sprache”: “age-language”) with attention to the time period. In German and West European philology, Jugendsprache is considered to be both a non-standard language and a sub-form of the standard language.

These characteristics and patterns can be categorized as typical or atypical. Orality and informal language are characteristics of German youth language. Researchers claim that its main function is achieving separation from adult speech and to signal group solidarity.

Language publisher Langenscheidt has designated the German youth word of the year annually since 2008, although there is some doubt whether the selected words are in actual use. The selections included terms like Gammelfleischparty ("spoiled meat party", a party for people over the age of 30) or lost (an English word used by Germans with a meaning identical to English).

Groups
Researchers have described multiple groups/forms, including Comicdeutsch (German comic language), school language, Denglisch, army slang, university student language, drug scene jargon, graffiti jargon, hip-hop jargon and Internet jargon. Most of these forms are not restricted to teenagers, however, teenagers are the instigators and primary speakers.

Features
Youth language displays exaggerations, emphasis, exaggeration, intensification, wordplay, provocation, humor, irony, playfulness, expressiveness and emotion more often than is found in adult communication.

Speakers often use metaphors, e.g., “natural woolly socks” for "hairy legs”.

Abbreviations are common, such as “so’nem” instead of “so einem”. Youth are more likely to import Anglicisms, for example, “cool” is typical. Acronyms such as "YOLO" ('You only live once'), have increased in frequency, to condense text messages.

Syntactic variations in spoken language include repetitions, ellipsis, word order variation and incomplete sentences. Filler words such as “und so” (and so on), and interjections and hedges (e.g., “irgendwie”), are typical.

Research
Researcher-curated dictionaries/style guides create an always-dated image of youth language that misses the way young people actually speak, because that youth language evolves too quickly to be reflected in formal research. Most expressions are short-lived. For example, ‘knorke’ was once used an expression of high approval. Later, ‘astrein’, ‘cool’, ‘nice’ or ‘geil’, often enriched with further emphatic forms (‘oberaffengeil’), emerged.