Gilgai

A gilgai is a small, ephemeral lake formed from a surface depression in expanding clay soils. Gilgai is also used to refer to the overall micro-relief in such areas, consisting of mounds and depressions. The name comes from an Australian Aboriginal word meaning small water hole. These pools are commonly a few metres across and less than 30 cm deep, however in some instances they may reach several metres deep and up to 100 m across. Gilgais are found worldwide wherever cracking clay soils and pronounced wet and dry seasons are present. Gilgais are also called "melonholes, crabholes, hogwallows or puff and shelf formations".

Formation
Gilgais are thought to form in vertisols through repeated cycles of swelling when wet and subsequent shrinkage upon drying. This action, known as argillipedoturbation, causes the soil to crack when dry, allowing loose soil material to fill these cracks. When the soil swells upon subsequent re-wetting the soil pressure cannot be dispersed into the now-full cracks and the soil is forced sideways causing a mound to form between cracks and a depression to form at the location of the crack. The process is then exaggerated as the depressions hold water and thus become wetter and swell more than the mounds, causing even greater shrinkage and cracking. In addition, the cracks channel water deeply into the soil causing even greater swelling and subsequent cracking of the depression areas. Each cycle of swelling, shrinkage and cracking becomes more exaggerated and the landscape eventually becomes covered by a repeated pattern of mounds and depressions. The depressions hold surface water during wet seasons.

Distribution
Australia has an abundance of cracking clay soils and large areas dominated by pronounced wet and dry seasons, providing ideal circumstances for gilgais formation. Central Russia and several parts of the United States, including South Dakota, Mississippi, and Texas also host the formations. Gilgais are structurally similar to the patterned ground of frigid regions, however periglacial soil polygons are instead formed by repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Relation to humans
Gilgais were an important water source for Indigenous Australians, enabling them to seasonally forage over areas that lacked permanent water. Similarly, they allowed the stock of early Australian pastoralists to seasonally graze these areas. The introduction of water wells and pumps reduced the value of gilgais to humans as a source of water. Gilgais are now generally considered a nuisance by farmers. The movement of soil associated with gilgai formation damages infrastructure including building foundations, roads and railway lines and the undulations interfere with crop harvesting. The presence of seasonal water in grazing land makes it more difficult to control stock and provides a water supply for feral pigs and kangaroos.

Gilgais remain of great ecological significance as a source of water for animal and plant life. Crayfish burrow in the wet basins and ants build up the mounds, magnifying the formations through bioturbation.