Giovanni Battista de Luca

Giovanni Battista de Luca (1614–1683) was an Italian jurist and Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is considered one of the most important and influential jurists of 17th-century Europe.

Biography
De Luca was born at Venosa, Basilicata, in 1614 of humble parentage. In 1631 he enrolled at the University of Naples – the liveliest centre for legal studies in Italy at the time –, where he studied law under Ferdinando Arias de Mesa, an eminent jurist of the School of Salamanca. He received his degree in law in 1635. After graduation, he practiced law as an advocate in Naples for five years. This was a decisive experience in his professional formation, allowing him not only to gain a profound knowledge of the current practice of the courts but also to develop a critical vision of the system of jus commune. An attack of pulmonary tuberculosis caused him to return to his native place, where he took up the bishop's vicariate.

In 1645 De Luca went to Rome, where he soon won a high reputation for his legal ability and became one of Italy's pre-eminent attorneys. In 1658 the king of Spain named de Luca his lawyer in order to defend his interests before the Roman Curia. He actively participated in the cultural life of Rome and attended the meetings of several learned societies, including the Royal Academy founded by Queen Christina of Sweden in 1680. He befriended the poet Tommaso Stigliani, who intended dedicating to him his unfinished treatise Sulla nobiltà.

The support and protection of Nicola Herrera, the apostolic nuncio in Naples, of the Neapolitan cardinals Pier Luigi Carafa and Innico Caracciolo, and above all that of Niccolò Ludovisi, prince of Venosa, permitted De Luca to enter quickly into the most important circles at the papal court. As a close collaborator of the reform-minded pope Innocent XI, who acceded to the Holy See in 1676, he exerted influence over the organisation of the Roman Curia, but stirred up much enmity and jealousy among the conservative leaders of the Church, notably Innocent's secretary Agostino Favoriti.

This caused his influence to wane over time. At an advanced age he became a priest and was made first referendary Utriusque Signaturae, then auditor of the Sacred Palace by Innocent, who finally in 1681 raised De Luca to the cardinalate. He died at Rome, on 5 February 1683. He was buried in the Church of Santo Spirito dei Napoletani.

Works
De Luca's writings, which are eminently practical in character, are most important for proper understanding of the jurisprudence of the Roman Curia and especially of the Rota Romana in his time. They include his "Conflictus legis et rationis" (Rome, 1677), "Relatio Curiae Romanae" (Cologne, 1683), "Sacrae Rotae decisiones" (Lyons, 1700). His "Annotationes practicae ad Sacrum Concilium Tridentinum" (Cologne, 1684), a legal commentary on the decrees of the Council of Trent, became a prime authority and was reissued several times.

His complete works were published under the title "Theatrum veritatis et justitiae (Theater of truth and justice, 19 volumes, 1669–77; 12 volumes, Cologne, 1689–99); a comprehensive legal encyclopedia that became one of the most significant authorities of the late jus commune and was reprinted regularly up until the middle of the 18th century.

De Luca also advocated the use of the Italian language in scientific publications and authored numerous works in Italian providing a comprehensive picture of the legal and institutional framework of his time. In 1673 he published in Rome Il dottor volgare (The popular lawyer), a vast synthesis of all contemporary legal knowledge – the first written in Italian. In the introduction to this work the author argues in favor of the use of the common language in place of Latin in order to render law familiar outside the legal sphere, for the benefit of a nonprofessional readership. He reasserted his theses in two brief but important works: Dello stile legale (On the style of law, 1674) and Difesa della lingua italiana (Defense of the Italian language, 1675).

Economic works and theories
Best known as a jurist, de Luca wrote also on economic and fiscal questions in his two treatises: Theatrum veritatis et justitiae, Rome, 1669 and Il Principe cristiano pratico, Rome, 1679.

As an economist de Luca belongs to the mercantilist school. International trade, in his opinion, is only a means of getting money from foreigners; raw materials are to be allowed to be imported, but their export is to be prohibited, because only when they are transformed by national industry will they procure a favorable balance of trade. Money is not to be falsified by the prince, but its export, and also the export of bullion, is to be prohibited, except for the acquisition of those wares which cannot he produced by the country. Famines are to be guarded against by a subtle system of regulation.

In normal times agriculture is to be aided and importation of foreign produce to be prohibited. In case of famine all are to sell their product to a public office (a sort of store for corn under government administration), which is not to pay for it immediately. In his work de Luca discusses also questions of public finance. First of all he shows himself aware of the historical relativity of institutions, so that when he discusses the question, whether direct taxes are to be imposed with the consent of parliaments, he insists upon this being decided differently in different nations, and with due regard to the different customs and political maturity of the various nations.

Taxes in general, he considers, ought to be levied in such a manner that people pay them insensibly, that tax collectors cannot exact more than the government receives, that all citizens, without privilege and exemption, come to bear a proportionately equal burden, and that no tax be imposed when not absolutely necessary for the existence of the state. De Luca distinguishes correctly the revenue from the private property of the sovereign, and makes a most minute examination of all the different descriptions of crown rights. He defends the state monopoly of salt and tobacco.

List of works

 * Theatrum veritatis et justitiae (19 sv., 1669–77; 12 sv.), Colonia, 1689–99.
 * Discorso dello stile legale cioe Del mondo co'l quale i professori. Debbano trattare in scritto [et] in voce delle materie giuridiche, giudiziali [et] estragiudiziali / dell'eminentissimo, 1697
 * Theatrum veritatis et justitiae (19 sv., 1669–77; 12 sv.), Colonia, 1689–99.
 * Discorso dello stile legale cioe Del mondo co'l quale i professori. Debbano trattare in scritto [et] in voce delle materie giuridiche, giudiziali [et] estragiudiziali / dell'eminentissimo, 1697
 * Theatrum veritatis et justitiae (19 sv., 1669–77; 12 sv.), Colonia, 1689–99.
 * Discorso dello stile legale cioe Del mondo co'l quale i professori. Debbano trattare in scritto [et] in voce delle materie giuridiche, giudiziali [et] estragiudiziali / dell'eminentissimo, 1697
 * Theatrum veritatis et justitiae (19 sv., 1669–77; 12 sv.), Colonia, 1689–99.
 * Discorso dello stile legale cioe Del mondo co'l quale i professori. Debbano trattare in scritto [et] in voce delle materie giuridiche, giudiziali [et] estragiudiziali / dell'eminentissimo, 1697
 * Theatrum veritatis et justitiae (19 sv., 1669–77; 12 sv.), Colonia, 1689–99.
 * Discorso dello stile legale cioe Del mondo co'l quale i professori. Debbano trattare in scritto [et] in voce delle materie giuridiche, giudiziali [et] estragiudiziali / dell'eminentissimo, 1697
 * Theatrum veritatis et justitiae (19 sv., 1669–77; 12 sv.), Colonia, 1689–99.
 * Discorso dello stile legale cioe Del mondo co'l quale i professori. Debbano trattare in scritto [et] in voce delle materie giuridiche, giudiziali [et] estragiudiziali / dell'eminentissimo, 1697
 * Discorso dello stile legale cioe Del mondo co'l quale i professori. Debbano trattare in scritto [et] in voce delle materie giuridiche, giudiziali [et] estragiudiziali / dell'eminentissimo, 1697
 * Discorso dello stile legale cioe Del mondo co'l quale i professori. Debbano trattare in scritto [et] in voce delle materie giuridiche, giudiziali [et] estragiudiziali / dell'eminentissimo, 1697
 * Discorso dello stile legale cioe Del mondo co'l quale i professori. Debbano trattare in scritto [et] in voce delle materie giuridiche, giudiziali [et] estragiudiziali / dell'eminentissimo, 1697