Gliese 65

Gliese 65, also known as Luyten 726-8, is a binary star system that is one of Earth's nearest neighbors, at 8.8 ly from Earth in the constellation Cetus. The two component stars are both flare stars with the variable star designations BL Ceti and UV Ceti.

Star system
The star system was discovered in 1948 by Willem Jacob Luyten in the course of compiling a catalog of stars of high proper motion; he noted its exceptionally high proper motion of 3.37 arc seconds annually and cataloged it as Luyten 726-8. The two stars are of nearly equal brightness, with visual magnitudes of 12.7 and 13.2 as seen from Earth. They orbit one another every 26.5 years. The distance between the two stars varies from 2.1 to 8.8 AU. The Gliese 65 system is approximately 2.63 pc from Earth's Solar System, in the constellation Cetus, and is thus the seventh-closest star system to Earth. Its own nearest neighbor is Tau Ceti, 0.98 pc away from it. If $$R_v=+29$$ km/s then approximately 28,700 years ago Gliese 65 was at its minimal distance of 2.21 pc (7.2 ly) from the Sun.

Gliese 65 A was later found to be a variable star and given the variable star designation BL Ceti. It is a red dwarf of spectral type M5.5V. It is also a flare star, and classified as a UV Ceti variable type, but it is not nearly as remarkable or extreme in its behavior as its companion star UV Ceti.

Soon after the discovery of Gliese 65 A, the companion star Gliese 65 B was discovered. Like Gliese 65 A, this star was also found to be variable and given the variable star designation UV Ceti. Although UV Ceti was not the first flare star discovered, it is the most prominent example of such a star, so similar flare stars are now classified as UV Ceti type variable stars. This star goes through fairly extreme changes of brightness: for instance, in 1952, its brightness increased by 75 times in only 20 seconds. UV Ceti is a red dwarf of spectral type M6V.

Both stars are listed as spectral standard stars for their respective classes, being considered typical examples of the classes.

In approximately 31,500 years, Gliese 65 will have a close encounter with Epsilon Eridani at the minimal distance of about 0.93 ly. Gliese 65 can penetrate a conjectured Oort cloud about Epsilon Eridani, which may gravitationally perturb some long-period comets. The duration of mutual transit of two star systems within 1 ly from each other is about 4,600 years.

Gliese 65 is a possible member of the Hyades Stream.

Candidate planet
In 2024, a candidate super-Neptune-mass planet was detected in the Gliese 65 system via astrometry with Very Large Telescope's GRAVITY instrument. If it exists, it would orbit one of the two stars (it is unclear which) with a period of 156 days. The planet's properties change slightly depending on which star it orbits, but in general its mass is estimated to be about and the semi-major axis is about 30% of an astronomical unit. It is estimated to be seven times larger than Earth based on mass-radius relationships.