Gogodala–Suki languages

The Gogodala–Suki or Suki – Aramia River languages are a small language family of Papua New Guinea, spoken in the region of the Aramia River.

Languages
The languages are:


 * Gogodala–Suki family
 * Suki language
 * Gogodala (Aramia River) branch:
 * Gogodala
 * Ari
 * Waruna

Gogodala–Suki languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.



! Language !! Location !! Population
 * + List of Gogodala–Suki languages
 * Suki || north-central Morehead Rural LLG || 3,500
 * Gogodala || Gogodala Rural LLG || 26,000
 * Ari || Gogodala Rural LLG || ?
 * Waruna || Gogodala Rural LLG || ?
 * }
 * Ari || Gogodala Rural LLG || ?
 * Waruna || Gogodala Rural LLG || ?
 * }
 * }

Phonology
The reconstructed sound system is, It's not clear that there was *w or *j distinct from *u and *i.

Pronouns


! !!singular!!plural !1st person !2nd person !3rd person
 * + Free pronouns
 * nɛ||*sɛ
 * ɛ||*dɛ
 * o(-b)|| ?
 * }



! !!singular!!plural !1st person !2nd person !3rd person
 * + Object prefixes
 * n-||*s-
 * -||*d-
 * -||*d-
 * }

(2SG and 3SG is zero.)

Lexicon
Proto-Suki–Aramia (i.e., Proto-Gogodala–Suki) lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Proto-Suki-Aramia
 * 1SG || *nɛ
 * 2SG || *ɛ
 * 3SG || *o(-b)
 * 1PL || *sɛ
 * 2PL || *dɛ
 * again || *goarma
 * and/with || *da
 * animate ref. || *-te
 * be/live || *e[r]
 * breast || *bu
 * eat || *na
 * fat/grease || *sap[e/ɛ]
 * fire || *ir[a]
 * garden || *ega[d]
 * girl || *sua
 * give to 3SG || *ata
 * heavy || *mene
 * know || *it[a/o]ua
 * language || *gi
 * leaf || *bagu
 * locative || *-m
 * louse || *amu
 * man || *dar[o/a]
 * mouth || *magat
 * night || *is[ɛ/a]
 * nose || *min
 * other || *et[a/o]
 * path || *na...
 * penis || *o
 * see || *ti
 * skin/bark || *kakar
 * stative || *-[V]taka
 * tail || *uani
 * this/here || *mɛ-m
 * tooth || *poso
 * tree || *[e]i
 * wallaby/meat || *[u]kapu
 * what?/who? || *p[a]oa
 * where?/to || *bɛ
 * wing || *it[e/a]
 * woman || *ato
 * yesterday/tomorrow || *[ɛ/a]n[ɛ/a]p
 * }
 * louse || *amu
 * man || *dar[o/a]
 * mouth || *magat
 * night || *is[ɛ/a]
 * nose || *min
 * other || *et[a/o]
 * path || *na...
 * penis || *o
 * see || *ti
 * skin/bark || *kakar
 * stative || *-[V]taka
 * tail || *uani
 * this/here || *mɛ-m
 * tooth || *poso
 * tree || *[e]i
 * wallaby/meat || *[u]kapu
 * what?/who? || *p[a]oa
 * where?/to || *bɛ
 * wing || *it[e/a]
 * woman || *ato
 * yesterday/tomorrow || *[ɛ/a]n[ɛ/a]p
 * }
 * tail || *uani
 * this/here || *mɛ-m
 * tooth || *poso
 * tree || *[e]i
 * wallaby/meat || *[u]kapu
 * what?/who? || *p[a]oa
 * where?/to || *bɛ
 * wing || *it[e/a]
 * woman || *ato
 * yesterday/tomorrow || *[ɛ/a]n[ɛ/a]p
 * }
 * where?/to || *bɛ
 * wing || *it[e/a]
 * woman || *ato
 * yesterday/tomorrow || *[ɛ/a]n[ɛ/a]p
 * }
 * woman || *ato
 * yesterday/tomorrow || *[ɛ/a]n[ɛ/a]p
 * }
 * }

Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970), Voorhoeve (1970), and Reesink (1976), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Ari !! Gogodala !! Suki ! head ! hair ! ear ! eye ! nose ! tooth ! tongue ! leg ! louse ! dog ! pig ! bird ! egg ! blood ! bone ! skin ! breast ! tree ! man ! woman ! sun ! moon ! water ! fire ! stone ! road, path ! name ! eat ! one ! two
 * gabi || ganabi || tibodu
 * tiːta || tita || nigbagu
 * etubada; kɛso || igibi || iakadgu
 * tokodaba || tao || itumku
 * ndogu || mina || umuku
 * mɛnəpila || poso || tamki
 * || mɛlɛpila ||
 * gupi || ||
 * ikami || ami || daka
 * sokɛ || soke || ebme
 * || uai || kuainu
 * soma || ||
 * momona || ||
 * dede || ||
 * mboige || gosa || budu
 * kakala; puka || kaka || kaka
 * omo || omo ||
 * yei || || riku
 * dalagi || dala; dalagi || daru; guargia
 * atogi || ato; susɛgi || atu
 * gadepa || kadɛpa || kamgu
 * tɔkɔ || ||
 * ogo || wi ||
 * awa || ila || araka
 * -nadi || ||
 * nape || nabidi || napru; rapru
 * enoma || gagi || yaka
 * na- || na ||
 * maitaia || ||
 * saki || ||
 * }

Evolution
Gogodalic-Suki formed a branch of Trans–New Guinea languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross. Possible reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:

Gogodala language:
 * omo ‘breast’ < *amu
 * magata ‘mouth, jaw’ < *maŋgat[a]
 * mele-pila ‘tongue’ < *mele-mbilaŋ
 * imu ‘eye’ < *(ŋg,k)amu
 * mi ‘louse’ < *iman, *niman
 * kadepa ‘sun’ < *kand(a,e)pa
 * ila ‘tree, fire’ < *inda
 * na- ‘eat’ < *na-
 * mana- ‘sit, stay’ < *mVna-

Suki language:
 * gigoa ‘cassowary’ < *ku(y)a
 * na- ‘eat’ < *na-