Greater Magadha

Greater Magadha is a theory in the studies of the early history of India, introduced by Johannes Bronkhorst. It refers to the non-Vedic political and cultural sphere that developed in the lower Gangetic plains (modern day Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh), east of the Vedic heartland and roughly corresponding to the region of the later Magadha empire.

According to Bronkhorst, out of the ideological opposition between these two cultural spheres – the vedic realm of Kuru-Panchala in the west, and śramana of Greater Magadha in the east – developed the two main religious & spiritual ideologies of Ancient India.

Overview
The concept was developed in a book by the indologist Johannes Bronkhorst. The concept of the cultural region of "Greater Magadha" extends well beyond the traditional political boundaries of the ancient mahājanapada of Magadha. Bronkhorst does not specify the exact limits or provide a map but refers to the “region east of the confluence of the Gaṅgā and the Yamunā” and “the geographical area in which the Buddha and Mahāvīra lived and taught” as Greater Magadha. Thus, Greater Magadha encompasses other ancient mahājanapadas in parts of modern eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal, outside the core area of Magadha.

They developed an ideological opposition to the sacrifice and ritual slaying of animals. Later this non-vedic traditions gave rise to religions or schools of philosophy such as Jainism which later gave rise to concepts like ahimsa.

According to Bronkhorst, the śramana culture arose in "Greater Magadha," which was Indo-Aryan, but not Vedic. In this culture, Kshatriyas were placed higher than Brahmins, and it rejected Vedic authority and rituals.

Out of the ideological opposition between these two cultural spheres – the vedic realm of Kuru-Panchala in the west, and śramana of Greater Magadha in the east – developed the two main religious & spiritual ideologies of Ancient India.

Vedic religion, which placed a lot of importance on the system of ritual correctness, arose out of the culture of the erstwhile Kuru-Panchala realm, while the śramaṇa tradition, which placed emphasis on the spiritual works, that developed in Greater Magadha, later to gave rise to non-vedic (non-brahmanical) religions such as Buddhism, Jainism, Ajivika, Lokāyata and Ajñana.

Criticism
According to Norelius, critics have questioned Johannes Bronkhorst's claim of a sharp cultural divide between east and west, the supposed lesser influence of Brahmanization in early Magadha, and his proposed revision of textual chronology, while also criticizing him for overlooking the role of socioeconomic and political developments in shaping new ideological trends.

Alexander Wynne questions Bronkhorst's late dating of early Upanishads. He argues the ideas of karma, rebirth and liberation developed within the Vedic tradition rather than being borrowed. He states that there is more continuity between late Vedic thought and early Upanishads than Bronkhorst allows. Wynne proposes an alternative view that unorthodox Brahmin thinkers in the eastern region developed these ideas, triggering the ascetic and philosophical culture Bronkhorst associates with Greater Magadha.