Green Forest, Timișoara

The Green Forest (in Romanian Pădurea Verde, in Hungarian Vadászerdő, in German Jagdwald, the last two translated as "hunting forest") is an urban forest located in northeastern Timișoara, covering an area of 724 ha (or 737 ha according to other sources). It is seen as Timișoara's green lung and is also an important recreation and leisure area.

History
The area has been inhabited since ancient times, proof of this being a Sarmatian tomb of a woman discovered after archeological surveys in the forest in 1969. Over time, the forest was both a place of shelter and a source of food for the locals. During the peasant uprising of 1514, György Dózsa and his bands of peasants advanced towards the city hidden through the Green Forest. The cartographic data from 1723–1725 but also from 1776 show that in the 18th century there was a secular forest in this space.

Under the Habsburgs, the forest was declared a hunting area reserved exclusively for the first governor of Banat, Count Claude Florimond de Mercy (1732). He requested the restoration of a hunting pavilion erected in the forest during the Ottoman occupation. It was permanently guarded by six hussars and Mercy's more than 100 greyhounds. After 1753, when the civil administration was introduced in Banat, the forest became accessible to other senior officers. At that time, its area was almost double that of today. Half of the forest was cut down at the beginning of the 20th century, the land being transformed into arable land for the Hungarian colony established in the current Dumbrăvița commune. This is why the current Green Forest has an artificial character, being arranged for the first time in 1860 by the Hungarian Forest Service. Two other arrangements followed in 1894 and 1908.

In the interwar period, the forest was a Royal Crown domain and was intended for pheasant, stag and deer hunting. The city's forest nursery was established in 1929. From the planting material produced in the forest nursery (oak, maple, elm, walnut, sycamore, linden, etc.) the National Revival Forest (Pădurea Renașterii Naționale) took shape in 1937–1938. In 1954, the state made 150 ha of the forest available to the city for the establishment of a nature reserve and a recreational area.

In 2020, the Romanian Government transferred 520 ha from Romsilva to the Timișoara City Hall for the arrangement of a forest park. Until 2020, the Timișoara City Hall managed 50 ha of the Green Forest.

Geography
The Green Forest is located in the northeastern part of Timișoara and its surface, measuring about 737 ha, is divided into 78 plots more or less square-shaped. The forest is crossed on a length of 2.6 km by Behela (tributary of the Bega River), which feeds, before entering the forest, the Dumbrăvița artificial lake, a place of leisure for tourists and fishermen.

Flora
The woody species that grow in the Green Forest are pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Tatar maple (Acer tataricum), field maple (Acer campestre), Turkey oak (Quercus cerris), linden (Tilia sp.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). The predominant species is Quercus sp. (69%), followed by Fraxinus excelsior (10%). 5% of the existing trees are aged between 101 and 120 years, 21% between 81 and 100 years, with 61- to 80-years-old trees predominating (41%). The shrub layer includes hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), cornel (Cornus mas) and privet (Ligustrum vulgare), while the herbaceous layer is composed of mosses and lichens and herbaceous plants. Among the flowers, worth mentioning is the narrow-leaved helleborine (Cephalanthera longifolia), a species of wild orchid rare in Romania's flora that blooms between April and June.