Grevillea kennedyana



Grevillea kennedyana, also known as flame spider-flower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to a restricted area of inland eastern Australia. It is an erect shrub with many branches, usually linear leaves and erect clusters of rich red flowers.

Description
Grevillea kennedyana is an erect or sprawling, many-branched shrub that typically grows to 1.0–1.5 m high and 2 m wide. Populations often consist of a close grouping of 4 to 8 individuals that have intertwining branches, creating a combined canopy of 3–5 m2. Individual plants have downy branches with silvery grey, linear or rarely lance-shaped leaves 7–33 mm long and 1.0–1.5 mm wide. The leaves are sharply-pointed and the edges are rolled under, concealing most of the lower surface. The flowers are rich red, sometimes orange-red or pink, arranged in erect groups 25–35 mm long on the ends of branches with eight to twenty flowers on a rachis 2–5 mm long. The flowers are glabrous to silky-hairy on the outside and softly- or shaggy-hairy inside, the pistil 27–31 mm long. Flowering mainly occurs from July to November, and the fruit is a wrinkly follicle 15–19 mm long, containing a winged seed 7.5–10.5 mm long.

Taxonomy
Grevillea kennedyana was first formally described in 1888 by Ferdinand von Mueller in Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria from material collected by William Baeuerlen "between rocks on Grey's Ranges". The specific epithet (kennedyana) honours "Mrs. M. B. Kennedy, of Wonnaminta".

This grevillea is not closely related to any of Australia's others of the genus, but it does have phylogenetic resemblance to others that are found within semi-arid and temperate arid regions of south western Australia, such as G. decipiens, G. sparsiflora, and G. acuaria. Grevillea kennedyana is not well adapted to growing in deep sandy soils and as a result, the species is considered to be a relict species that has been effected by the expansions of the arid interior of Australia.

Distribution and habitat
Grevillea kennedyana has a restricted distribution in the northwest corner of New South Wales and the southwest corner of Queensland. The altitude range is 140–200 m and plants grows on slopes between 10˚ and 75˚. The area is arid and receives variable and unreliable rainfall. Plants can sometimes be found in dry and rocky watercourses, but mostly grow in clusters on rocky jump-ups and colluvial slopes of rocky mesas with weathered silcrete rocks and loamy soils. The most dense populations of this species are found on the lower slopes that have high water retention. As of 2000, the plant was found in six geographic locations. Ninety per cent of the populations are found in the Sturt National Park and are highly fragmented with a natural range of less than 100 km

The plant communities that are found with G. kennedyana include species such as spiny fan-flower (Scaevola spinescens), whitewood (Atalaya hemiglauca), Acacia and Eremophila species, and occasionally black oak (Casuarina pauper). A low ground cover of chenopods is often present.

Ecology
This species is capable of recruitment by rhizomes, making the current individuals clones. However, the plant has also been observed to resprout from adventitious buds from the base of the stems and seeds. New growth can be stimulated by physical damage to the plant.

Flowering is seen to occur 2–4 months after a major rainfall event, however during dry seasons flowering is irregular. The necessary amounts of rainfall required for flowering are not known. Fruit is believed to mature 6–8 weeks after fertilisation has occurred. The pollinators are not known, but they are believed to be birds. The seeds are then dispersed soon afterwards, however the dispersal mechanisms are still not fully understood, but it is believed to be aided by the wings that are found on the seeds.

The period of seed dormancy is another unknown factor which needs to be investigated. Depending on its similarity to other Grevillea species it is possibly that it can remain dormant for up to four years. Any recruitment that does occur via seed is believed to be event driven, relying on the combination of above average rainfall and the appropriate temperature. Seedlings that are becoming established in the summer months may be greatly affected by high temperatures and the absence of soil moisture.

Conservation status
Flame spider-flower is listed as "vulnerable" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the New South Wales Government Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 and the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992. The main threats to the species include grazing by domestic stock and invasive species, and inappropriate fire regimes.

Fire
Before European settlement in Australia, Indigenous Australians managed the land using fire. Once Europeans colonised the area these fire practices began to decline and the effect it has had on the plant is unknown. While fire is not required for G. kennedyana to release its seed, it is believed that it is required for breaking seed dormancy. This needs to be properly investigated as the species does not occur in a fire prone zone.

Grazing
It is possible that G. kennedyana is able to withstand browsing pressures, as it has been subjected to intensive and prolonged grazing by stock from the 1890s to the mid 20th century. Rabbits and other native macropods are also likely to browse the plant. These actions from herbivores are believed to have caused an observed lack of seedling recruitment.

Seed predation
It is possible that insects, mammals and birds could be eating the seeds. Other species of Grevillea have been effected by seed predation. This is a possible contributing factor to the lack of recruitment of the species.

Species ability to recover
The current known populations of G. kennedyana appear to be quite stable for the last six years that it has been monitored in the field. At present there is no known evidence to suggest that the species is significantly declining or being threatened. Also because of the species ability to persist given the heavy grazing that occurred in the park, the wild populations of the plant looks likely to remain for at least another 50–100 years. The lack of recruitment is a concern for the survival of the plant in the long-term. A possible reason for its rarity is most likely the result of natural evolutionary and ecological processes.

Recovery plan
As majority of the populations of G. kennedyana reside in the Sturt National Park in NSW, the National Parks and Wildlife Service have created a recovery plan for the species. The three main objectives are to protect and monitor all known populations; find and manage the threats that are effecting the survival and recruitment of the species; and involve the community in the conservation of the species by working with the relevant landholders and managers to improve the management of identified threats to the plant.

Uses
Most Grevillea species contain a honey-like liquid that is edible to humans. G. kennedyana contains a large amount of a clear, sweet liquid, which can be shaken from the flowers. However, due to the large volume of liquid it makes the flower difficult to preserve.