Grumman F7F Tigercat

The Grumman F7F Tigercat is a heavy fighter aircraft that served with the United States Navy (USN) and United States Marine Corps (USMC) from late in World War II until 1954. It was the first twin-engine fighter to be deployed by the USN. While the Tigercat was delivered too late to see combat in World War II, did serve in reconnaissance roles. The Tigercat primarily saw action as a night fighter and attack aircraft during the Korean War.

Designed initially for service on Midway-class aircraft carriers, early production F7Fs were land-based variants. The type was too large to operate from older and smaller carriers, and only a late variant (F7F-4N) was certified for carrier service.

Design and development
Based on the earlier Grumman XP-50 that was eventually canceled, the company developed the XP-65 (Model 51) further for a future "convoy fighter" concept. In 1943, work on the XP-65 was terminated in favor of the design that would eventually become the F7F. The contract for the prototype XF7F-1 was signed on 30 June 1941. Grumman's aim was to produce a fighter that outperformed and outgunned all existing fighter aircraft, and that had an auxiliary ground attack capability. Performance of the prototype and initial production aircraft met expectations; the F7F was one of the fastest piston-engine fighters, with a top speed significantly greater than single-engine USN aircraft — 71 mph faster than a Grumman F6F Hellcat at sea level. Captain Fred Trapnell, one of the premier USN test pilots of the era, stated: "It's the best damn fighter I've ever flown." The F7F was to be heavily-armed — four 20 mm cannon and four 50 caliber (0.50 in; 12.7 mm) machine guns, as well as underwing and under-fuselage hardpoints for bombs and torpedoes. This speed and firepower was bought at the cost of heavy weight and a high landing speed, but what caused the aircraft to fail carrier suitability trials was poor directional stability with only one engine operational, as well as problems with the tailhook design. The initial production series was, therefore, used only from land bases by the USMC, as night fighters with APS-6 radar.

While the F7F was initially also known as the Grumman Tomcat, this name was abandoned, because it was considered at the time to have excessively sexual overtones; (from the 1970s, the name Tomcat became commonly associated with, and officially used by the Navy for, another Grumman design, the F-14 twin-jet carrier-based interceptor). The first production variant was the single-seat F7F-1N aircraft; after the 34th production aircraft, a second seat for a radar operator was added and these aircraft were designated F7F-2N.

A second production version, the F7F-3, was modified to correct the issues that caused the aircraft to fail carrier acceptance, and this version was again trialled on the USS Shangri-La (CV-38). A wing failure on a heavy landing caused the failure of this carrier qualification as well. F7F-3 aircraft were produced in day fighter, night fighter, and photo-reconnaissance versions.

The final production version, the F7F-4N, was extensively rebuilt for additional strength and stability, and did pass carrier qualification, but only 12 were built.

Operational history
While the F7F Tigercat was produced too late to serve in its intended role in WWII; however, early F7F-1 models saw service in the Pacific Theatre before the end of the war. One Marine Corps photographic reconnaissance squadron equipped with the F7F, VMP-354, arriving in Guam in June 1945, and was quickly transferred to Yontan Airfield in Okinawa in July 1945. In July and August 1945, VMP-354 used the F7F to photograph potential invasion beaches in Southern Kyushu in preparation for Operation Downfall.

Marine Corps night fighter squadron VMF(N)-513 flying F7F-3N Tigercats saw action in the early stages of the Korean War, flying night interdiction and fighter missions and shooting down two Polikarpov Po-2 biplanes. This was the only combat use of the aircraft.

Most F7F-2Ns were modified to control drones for combat training, and these gained bubble canopies over the rear cockpit for the drone controller. An F7F-2D used for pilot transitioning also had a rear sliding, bubble canopy.

In 1945, two Tigercats, serial numbers TT346 and TT349, were evaluated, but rejected by the British Royal Navy in favour of a naval version of the de Havilland Hornet.

Variants



 * XP-65
 * Proposed United States Army Air Forces pursuit fighter.


 * XF7F-1
 * Prototype aircraft, two built.


 * F7F-1 Tigercat
 * Twin-engine fighter-bomber aircraft, powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-2800-22W radial piston engines. First production version, 34 built.


 * F7F-1N Tigercat
 * Single-seat night fighter aircraft, fitted with an APS-6 radar.


 * XF7F-2N
 * Night-fighter prototype, one built.


 * F7F-2N Tigercat
 * Two-seat night fighter, 65 built.


 * F7F-2D
 * Small numbers of F7F-2Ns converted into drone control aircraft. The aircraft were fitted with a Grumman F8F Bearcat windshield behind the cockpit.


 * F7F-3 Tigercat
 * Single-seat fighter-bomber aircraft, powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-2800-34W radial piston engines and featuring an enlarged tailfin for improved stability at high altitudes, 189 built.


 * F7F-3N Tigercat
 * Two-seat night fighter aircraft, 60 built.


 * F7F-3E Tigercat
 * Small numbers of F7F-3s were converted into electronic warfare aircraft.


 * F7F-3P Tigercat
 * Small numbers of F7F-3s were converted into photo-reconnaissance aircraft.


 * F7F-4N Tigercat
 * Two-seat night-fighter aircraft, fitted with a tailhook and other naval equipment, 12 built.

Operators

 * United States Marine Corps
 * United States Navy
 * United States Navy

Surviving aircraft


Beginning in 1949, F7Fs were flown to the then-U.S. Navy storage facility at Naval Air Station Litchfield Park, Arizona. Although the vast majority of the airframes were eventually scrapped, a number of examples were purchased as surplus. The surviving Tigercats were primarily used as water bombers to fight wildfires in the 1960s and 1970s and Sis-Q Flying Services of Santa Rosa, California, operated an F7F-3N tanker in this role until retirement in the late 1980s.


 * Airworthy
 * F7F-3
 * 80374: based at the National Museum of World War II Aviation in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
 * 80375: based at the National Museum of World War II Aviation in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
 * 80390: based at Lewis Air Legends in San Antonio, Texas.
 * 80411: based at Palm Springs Air Museum in Palm Springs, California.
 * 80425: privately owned in Seattle, Washington.
 * 80483: privately owned in Houston, Texas.
 * 80503: based at Lewis Air Legends in San Antonio, Texas.
 * 80532: privately owned in Bentonville, Arkansas.


 * On display
 * F7F-3
 * 80373: National Naval Aviation Museum in Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.
 * 80382: Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California.
 * 80410: Pima Air & Space Museum, adjacent to Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, in Tucson, Arizona.
 * Under restoration or in storage
 * F7F-3
 * 80404: in storage at the Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.