Gurla Mandhata

Gurla Mandhata, also Naimona'nyi or Namu Nani, is the highest peak of the Nalakankar Himal, a small subrange of the Himalaya. It lies in the northwest corner of Nepal. It is the 34th-highest peak in the world (using a 500-metre prominence cutoff). It is also notable for being well within the interior of the Tibetan Plateau (most peaks of similar height – except notably Shishapangma, the world's 14th-highest peak – lie nearer to or outside the edge of the Plateau) and relatively far away from other peaks with heights greater than 7,500 metres. It sits roughly across Lake Manasarovar from the sacred peak of Mount Kailash.

Names
Gurla Mandhata is a romanization of the Hindi name गुरला मन्धाता, गन्धमादन. It supposedly derives from a pass near the mountain and the legendary prehistoric Indian king Mandhata of the Raghuvaṃśa branch of the Solar Dynasty, who supposedly conquered the earth and passed the mountain on his way to the sacred lake Manasarovar beside the axis mundi Mount Kailash. In some versions of the story, the mountain is his body, transformed after death.

Naimona'nyi is the Tibetan pinyin romanization of the Tibetan name གནས་མོ་སྣ་གཉིས།. The Wylie transcription of the same name is Gnas Mo Sna Gnyis. The name is also sometimes written as མེ་མོ་ ན་ ཉི་, Nemo Na Nyi. The American Alpine Journal has explained the name as deriving from naimo (supposedly meaning "traditional Tibetan medicine"), na ("black"), and nyi ("slab" or "slabs") but Chinese sources say it instead means "Mountain of Our Lady" or "the Goddess". This is sometimes mistakenly translated as "Fairy" via the Chinese word, which actually refers to a Taoist immortal or similar minor deities rather than a western fairy.

Namu Nani is the atonal pinyin romanization of the Chinese name written in traditional characters or  in simplified ones, transcribed Nàmù Nàní Fēng with its tones. The name is a transcription into Chinese of the Tibetan name, with the addition of the final character 峰, meaning "peak".

Climbing history
In 1905, T. G. Longstaff made an attempt on the west face of Gurla Mandhata with two alpine guides and six porters. After suffering a 900 ft fall during an avalanche, they turned back around 7000 m upon finding fresh snow was falling too heavily to reach the summit with their provisions. This was a strong achievement for the time, especially for such a small group; at that time no summit of over 7,000 m had yet been climbed and Longstaff's height represented a world altitude record.

In 1935, the Viennese student Herbert Tichy made a trip to the holy mountain Kailash while disguised as an Indian pilgrim. On the way, he attempted Gurla Mandhata with one of his porters, Kitar. They reached a height of 23,400 ft before being turned back by fresh snow and bad weather.

In 1955, the mountain was the intended destination of the inaugural Welsh Himalayan Expedition led by Sydney Wignall. The expedition was sponsored by the Liverpool Daily Post and intended to summit Gurla Mandata and plant three flags: the Welsh Dragon, the flag of the recently-overthrown Chinese Republic, and the Jolly Roger. Before the climb could begin, the group was captured by the Chinese military, who imprisoned and tortured the climbers for two months under the belief they were CIA spies. (Wignall had in fact offered to spy for India.)

The first successful ascent was by a joint Sino-Japanese team led by Katsutoshi Hirabayashi in May 1985, reaching the peak via its north face. Since that time, there have been six additional successful ascents and two failed attempts on the peak.

In 1997, an attempt was made to ascend the peak via the then-unclimbed North Face route by Quinn Simons, Soren Peters, and their guide, Charlie Fowler. The team made a valiant effort, climbing high on the mountain, but after severe storms and other difficulties had to retreat. Their descent ended in a fall of some 450 m down the North Face of the peak. Fowler was slightly injured, while Simons and Peters both suffered extreme frostbite on their extremities.

The standard ascent route climbs the western flanks of the mountain ascending the Chaglung'mlungha Glacier to the summit plateau. Most teams choose to approach the mountain overland by jeep from either Lhasa, Tibet, or Kathmandu, Nepal. However, an alternate approach begins in the mountain hamlet of Simikot, Nepal, in the remote Humla district of west Nepal and follows the Karnali River northward, crossing into Tibet (China) in the village of Sher. Jeeps then take climbers north through Taklakot (Burang) to basecamp on the mountain.