Guyhirn

Guyhirn (sometimes spelled Guyhirne ) is a village near the town of Wisbech in Cambridgeshire, England. It is on the northern bank, the North Brink, of the River Nene, at the junction of the A141 with the A47. The population is included in the civil parish of Wisbech St Mary. It is notable chiefly for the Chapel of Ease, a rare example of church architecture of the Interregnum (1649–1660), and as a key crossing point of the River Nene.

History
To the north of the village on "a high spit of silt land, stretching from Selwyn Corner, over the Murrow road and out into the fen lands at Gull Drove" Roman pottery and coins have been found, which are held at the Wisbech & Fenland Museum.

According to A Dictionary of British Place Names, Guyhirn, which was 'La Gyerne' in 1275, derives from the Old French 'guie', which means "a guide" (referencing the control of tidal flow or a "salt-water ditch"), with the Old English 'hyrne', which means an "angle or corner of land".

According to folklore, recorded in the early nineteenth century, Guyhirn was the site of "a severe engagement between a Saxon King and the abbot of Ely... the legend informs us that 5000 men were brought into the field... it arose from disputes respecting the boundaries of property."

A breach of Murrow Bank, to the north of the village, in 1437 "flooded 12,000 acres in Wisbech, Leverington, Newton and Tydd." The site of the breach is marked by the sharp bend in the otherwise straight road from Guyhirn to Murrow, where "the Great Gull, a great pit... [from which] earth was scooped out to block up the breach in the bank". (Gull, though now obsolete, in the 15th century meant "a breach or fissure made by a torrent.)

In 1585 Guyhirn was visited by the plague.

Draining of the Fens
Guyhirn was an important location in the draining of the natural wetlands of the Fens in the early modern period.

Guyhirn sits at the outfall of Morton's Leam, one of the oldest fenland drains, the course of which runs in a straight line for twelve miles from Stanground to Guyhirn. It was commissioned by John Morton, Bishop of Ely, in the late fifteenth century and completed in 1480. It was dug by prisoners from the Hundred Years War. On the opposite bank of the River Nene is Ring's End where Bishop Morton erected a tower house to oversee his new drain.

During the draining of the Great Level by Cornelius Vermuyden in the mid seventeenth century, not only was Morton's Leam improved but two additional drains, Bevill's Leam from Whittlesey Mere, and Peakirk Drain from Peterborough, had their outfalls at Guyhirn.

As a consequence, in the seventeenth and eighteenth century Calvinist Huguenot families, including the Culys, Snushells, Delahoi and the Tegerdines, settled in Guyhirn to drain outlying levels. They most probably came from the Huguenot settlement at Thorney. Some of these families went on to farm the reclaimed land. It has been speculated that the Guyhirn Chapel of Ease was built as a result of their influence or that its simplicity was a factor in their resettlement.

River crossing
A river ferry crossing, "operated from the Ferry Boat Inn" between Guyhirn and Ring's End, is mentioned in numerous newspaper reports of accidents and drownings. Until its demolition in 1990, for the widening of the A141 for the building of the new road bridge, the Ferry Boat Inn stood on the South Brink, the river's southern bank.

Guyhirne railway station on the Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway was opened in 1867. The railway required the building of the first bridge across both Morton's Leam and the River Nene. The railway bridge incorporated a foot bridge, which allowed free passage between Guyhirn and Ring's End for pedestrians.

The first road bridge across the Nene at Guyhirn was officially opened by Sir W. H. Clarke, Chairman of the Isle of Ely County Council, on 22 April 1925. It was the result of a decades long campaign led by local county councillors William Weston and Richard Payne. The bridge's total span was 180 feet, it was built by Messrs Baldry, Yerburgh & Hutchinson and made of reinforced concrete with wrought iron railings each side of the roadway, which was 20 feet wide. This bridge was officially closed on 5 October 1990. The current road bridge carrying the A47 across the river, was officially opened on 10 October 1990 by Malcolm Moss, MP for North East Cambridgeshire. It was built by Beazer Construction East Anglia, of Wisbech, at a cost of £3.65m. The upgraded roundabout was opened in 2022 and the bridge named Tiddy Mun Bridge by 13 year-old schoolgirl Ava MCulloch.

Religion
The first chapel in Guyhirn originated in a chantry founded in 1337 by John de Reddik. It was dedicated to St Mary Magdalen and was licensed for public worship in 1398. In 1406 the chaplain was Sir John Grey. A guild to St Mary Magdalen was active in Guyhirn in the sixteenth century and such guilds were often established to pay for a chaplaincy. One year after the dissolution of the chantries in 1548, the chapel's endowments and property were sold to William Ward. The dismissed chaplain, William Susan, received an annual pension of three pounds and ten shillings per annum. In 1877 "quantities of fine chiselled stone" were unearthed during the construction of the extant church, suggesting that this stands on or close to the location of the earlier chapel. In the 1950s some of these stones could be found bordering the vicarage drive and in village gardens.

The village was without a place of worship for over a century until Guyhirn Chapel of Ease was commissioned during the Commonwealth. However, it was not completed until 1660 when the Restoration had returned Anglicanism as the official religious observance. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and is in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.

Between the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries, Guyhirn was home to a sect of religious dissenters known as the Culimites. They were named after their founder, David Culy, the son of a Huguenot family whose theology was said to differ little from that of the Anabaptists. However a more recent reappraisal concluded that "he was an Independent minister close to the Reformed tradition of his French ancestors. The adherents "met in a chapel which Culy, reputed to have been a wealthy farmer and landowner, built on his own property".

This same building was later the Baptists meeting house, but by the twentieth century was no longer a place of worship. In the 1950s, it still stood and was known as The Institute, and was "the nightly rendezvous of about 40 young men who play billiards, darts and snooker there, or go merely to chat and drink a mineral around the stove with their chums."

A Methodist Chapel was built in 1849 and rebuilt in 1868 by the Primitive Methodists with pews for 147 worshipers. It was sited next to the current village hall, but has been demolished.

Formerly within the parish of Wisbech St Mary, Guyhirn (with Rings End) was made a parish in its own right in 1870. Its first vicar was Rev. W. A. Carpenter.. The parish church of St Mary Magdalene was built in 1878. It was designed by architect George Gilbert Scott for his older brother, Canon John Scott of Wisbech. It was constructed of gault brick with stone dressings, with a timber porch and western bell cote. Since 31 October 1983 it has been designated a Grade II listed building. Declared redundant in 2005, it was put up for sale in 2018 for £75,000.

Education
Supported by the National Society, Guyhirn School opened in 1875. In 1937 "extensive alterations...[were] made at a cost of over £1000." The school was formally reopened by the Bishop of Ely, Bernard Heywood, on 31 July 1937. It remains a "a small, family centered [sic] Church of England Primary School that is committed to promoting our Christian values."

In popular culture
In Charles Kingsley's novel Alton Locke, he refers to Guyhirn, as Guy Hall, and describes the bodies of "two Irish reapers... hanging in chains by Wisbeach River." This is based on the murder of William Marriot and his wife, of Wisbech High Fen, in 1795. Three Irishmen employed as harvesters were convicted, executed and their bodies hung from a gibbet on the river bank at Guyhirn.

Notable residents

 * David Culy (c.1655-1725), Christian sectary and author. Culy was born to Huguenot parents, who had moved to Guyhirn from Thorney. Though there is no record of his education, he was likely bilingual as he quoted from a French translation of the Bible. He converted at March in 1687 under the influence of Francis Holcroft (c.1629-92). He founded his church at Guyhirn in 1695, which at the time of death was estimated to number more than 700 adherents; "most of the inhabitants of [Guyhirn] became his followers, and many also from Whittlesea, Wisbech St. Mary's, Outwell and Upwell". Other Culimite congregations were established in Rothwell, Soham and Isleham. As a result Culy was known as the 'Bishop of Guyhirn'. In 1726 his writings were published in three parts, the first part of which was reprinted in 1800 and 1820.


 * Margaret George (1899–1983), social documentary photographer. Margaret was the daughter of the Rev. Maurice George, who became vicar of Guyhirn & Ring's End in 1918. She was given her first camera at twelve years of age. She photographed the daily life of the village from workers in the fields to mothers holding their newborns. She exhaustively dated and annotated her photographs, even naming animals. These were archived in albums. Her collection is now held by the Wisbech & Fenland Museum.