HMS Acheron (H45)

HMS Acheron was an A-class destroyer (1929) destroyer of the Royal Navy. She served during the Second World War in Home waters and off the Norwegian coast, before becoming an early war loss when she sank after hitting a mine off the Isle of Wight on 17 December 1940. The wreck site is designated under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986.

Design
The 1927 construction programme for the Royal Navy included orders for a destroyer leader (HMS Codrington (D65)) and eight destroyers of the A-class, the first class of destroyers to be built for the Royal Navy since the end of the First World War, and a development of the prototype destroyers HMS Amazon (D39) and HMS Ambuscade (D38). John I. Thornycroft & Company's destroyer, Acheron, was to have experimental high pressure machinery.

Acheron was 323 ft long overall, 320 ft at the waterline and 312 ft between perpendiculars, with a beam of 32 ft and a mean draught of 12 ft. Displacement was 1350 LT standard and 1773 LT full load. Three Thornycroft three-drum boilers fed steam at 500 psi and 750 °F to Parsons geared steam turbine, which drove two propeller shafts. The machinery was rated at 34000 shp, giving a speed of 35.25 kn. 345 t of oil was carried, giving a range of 4080 nmi at 15 kn.

As built, Acheron had a main gun armament of four QF 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mk IX guns in single mounts, in two superfiring pairs in front of the bridge and aft of the superstructure. These guns could only elevate to 30 degrees and so were only useful for surface fire. Anti-aircraft armament consisted of two 40 mm QF 2-pounder Mk II 'pom-pom' autocannons, backed up by four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns. The ship was fitted with two above-water quadruple mounts for 21 in torpedoes. The A-class were fitted with the Two-Speed Destroyer Sweep minesweeping equipment to allow sweeping ahead of the fleet at high speeds, which meant that the anti-submarine outfit was reduced, with three depth charge racks and six depth charges, The A-class destroyers were given space for an ASDIC system, but it was not initially fitted. The ship had a crew of 138 officers and other ranks.

Construction and commissioning
Acheron was ordered on 29 May 1928 from Thornycroft's Woolston, Hampshire yard under the 1927 Naval Estimates. Acheron was laid down on 29 October 1928 and was launched a year later on 18 March 1930, with Katharine, Lady Parsons as sponsor. The destroyer was commissioned on 12 October 1931 for trials and completed the next day. She was the fifth ship named Acheron to serve with the Royal Navy.

Pre-war operations
Acheron suffered from a number of mechanical problems associated with her machinery, which persisted throughout the ship's career. These problems convinced the Admiralty not to continue with experiments with high boiler pressures, with later destroyer classes using conservative steam conditions. Trials of the ship and her machinery continued until June 1932, after which the destroyer underwent modifications. On 17 October 1932, five workmen were overcome by fumes when working in Acheron's engine room when the ship was at Portsmouth dockyard. The men were taken to Royal Hospital Haslar for recovery.

On 19 October 1932, Acheron recommissioned, joining the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla serving with the Mediterranean Fleet. The 3rd Flotilla returned to Britain in 1935, with Acheron undergoing defect repair at Portsmouth. Acheron's crew transferred to the old destroyer HMS Wessex (D43) which replaced Acheron in the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla while the newer ship was being repaired. Acheron returned to the 3rd Flotilla to replace Wessex when her repairs were complete, again exchanging her crew with Wessex. Acheron's stay in the Mediterranean was short, however, as she returned to British waters in June 1936, undergoing a further series of full power sea trials before undergoing a refit at Portsmouth that lasted from July 1936 to February 1937.

On completion of the refit, Acheron was transferred to second-line duties, replacing Ambuscade as tender to HMS Vernon, the Royal Navy's torpedo school. From June to July 1937, Acheron was fitted with Asdic. On 1 November 1937, Acheron collided with a barge while leaving Portsmouth harbour. The destroyer received a 20 ft tear above the waterline on her starboard side, and was under repair until 6 December. After repair, Acheron replaced HMS Verity (D63) as emergency destroyer at Portsmouth. In March 1938, Acheron again returned to Portsmouth Dockyard for another refit and repairs to her turbines, these lasting until December that year. In January 1939, she replaced HMS Windsor (D42) as a gunnery training destroyer with HMS Vernon. When the Second World War broke out in September 1939, she was under repair at Portsmouth.

Second World War
On completion of repairs, Acheron joined the 18th Destroyer Flotilla, carrying out local duties around Portsmouth until December 1939 when she underwent further machinery repairs at Portsmouth, which continued until 23 March 1940. The ship then joined the 16th Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet, based at Scapa Flow. The flotilla was then deployed in the North Western Approaches and the North Sea. After the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, Acheron was deployed with the flotilla on convoy defence and fleet screening duties in support of the military landings in Norway.

On 17 April, she and HMS Arrow (H42) left Rosyth accompanying the cruisers HMS Galatea (71), HMS Arethusa (26), HMS Carlisle (D67) and HMS Curacoa (D41), for Operation Sickle, the landing of troops from the 5th Leicestershire and 8th Sherwood Foresters at Åndalsnes and Molde. On arrival on the evening of 18 April, the two destroyers together with Galatea and Arethusa landed their troops at Åndalsnes, with the destroyers going alongside Galatea to disembark their troops, while the other two cruisers landed their troops at Molde. The landings were unopposed, and the force departed early on 19 April. On 24 April, Acheron, together with the destroyers Arrow and HMS Griffin (H31) and the cruisers HMS Birmingham (C19), HMS Manchester (15) and HMS York (90) left Rosyth on another trooping and supply run to Åndalsnes, with the six ships carrying nearly 1600 men and 300 tons of stores. They arrived at the Romsdalsfjord on the evening of 26 April, and after finishing disembarkation, the destroyers and York set out for Britain, but encountered a suspicious trawler flying the Netherlands flag when leaving the fjord. When Arrow approached the trawler, which was actually the German Schelswig (Schiff 37), the trawler raised the German ensign and rammed Arrow, before being sunk by Arrow and Birmingham. Arrow was badly damaged by the collision, and Acheron and Griffin were tasked with escorting her back to home. They encountered another German trawler, Schiff 26 (ex-Julius Pickenpack), which was captured by a boarding party from Griffin and taken back to Scapa Flow. From 30 April 1940, Acheron, together with the destroyers HMS Antelope (H36) and HMS Beagle (H30) was part of the escort for the aircraft carrier HMS Glorious which joined up with the carrier HMS Ark Royal (91) on 1 May to help to cover the evacuation of Allied troops from central Norway (Åndalsnes, Molde and Namsos). Acheron returned to Scapa Flow with the two carriers on 3 May, before departing later that day to reinforce the escort for the evacuation convoy from Namsos.

On 31 May, Acheron, HMS Acasta (H09), HMS Ardent (H41), HMS Highlander (H44) and HMS Diana (H49) escorted the carriers Glorious and HMS Ark Royal (91) to Norway to cover the final evacuation of British troops from Norway (Operation Alphabet). Acheron, together with Diana and Highlander, remained with Ark Royal after the embarkations had been completed on 8 June, with the carrier and her escort accompanying one of the convoys carrying troops back to Britain. Acheron then resumed her normal duties with the flotilla. She then operated in the English Channel to escort convoys.

On 21 June, as part of an emergency programme to improve the anti-aircraft capabilities of the Royal Navy's destroyers as a result of lessons leaned from the Norwegian campaign, Acheron had her aft bank of torpedo tubes replaced by a 3 in AA gun. Whilst sailing 10 mi south off St. Catherine's Point on 20 July, she was attacked by German dive bombers, and was damaged by nine near misses. She began repairs at Portsmouth Dockyard on 6 August, but on 24 August she was alongside, with the destroyer HMS Bulldog (H91) berthed outside Acheron, when Portsmouth Dockyard came under air attack. Acheron was near missed by three bombs and hit by one bomb that hit her aft section. The bomb caused severe damage to her steering gear, "Y" gun and hull plating. Two of Acheron's crew were killed and another three injured. Bulldog, lying outside Acheron, received minor damage from bomb splinters. The damage received in this attack caused Acheron's repairs to be extended until October, with her "Y" gun being replaced by a mounting from the destroyer HMS Boadicea (H65), which had been damaged in June. In November, Acheron was nominated for service as gunnery training destroyer.

Sinking
Repairs were fully completed by 2 December, and she began post-refit trials. On 17 December, she was sailing off the Isle of Wight. The trial was being conducted at night, in heavy seas and with a strong north-east wind in complete darkness. She was conducting steaming exercises over a measured mile, 8 nmi west-south-west of St. Catherine's Point. On one of the passes, she struck a mine. The explosion caused major structural damage forward, and her own speed drove her under. She sank within four minutes, taking 196 crewmen and yard workers, who were on board for the trials, to the bottom. There were only 19 survivors. The mine was probably one of those laid by the Luftwaffe along the Channel coast in no apparent pattern.

Her sinking was not made public until 26 December 1940.

The wreck site was designated as a Protected Place under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 in 2006.