HNLMS O 16

HNLMS O 16 was a submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy that saw service during World War II. She was the first submarine of the RNN manufactured from high-quality Steel 52, with the ability to dive at a depth of 80 m.

Design
HNLMS O 16 was designed by chief engineer of the Royal Netherlands Navy, G. de Rooij. It was the first submarine he designed as chief engineer; the previous submarines having been designed by his predecessor, J.J. van der Struyff. The O 16 was equipped with a Navigation HorschGerat (NHG):n 1935: on the starboard and port sides there were each one receiver for receiving nautical signals and nine receivers operating at 1050 Hertz for detecting noise from targets. The installation (GZE 2825 bH) was provided by the German Altas-Werke. An exception were the lead cables that were supplied by the Royal Netherlands Navy. The direction of a sound source could be determined by alternately listening to the (amplified) signal received by the starboard and port side receivers.

The submarine was 4 m longer and 130 tons heavier than the most recent submarines (ex. HNLMS K XVII), yet remained faster. De Rooij attributed the increase in speed and weight to his design, which was based on research done in Wageningen. The submarines hull was shaped differently and was designed from high-quality steel (German steel 'St52'), increasing tensile strength and elasticity, and giving it more speed. Furthermore, the forward torpedo tubes were set more apart from each other in order to reduce the chance of the torpedoes colliding.

The inside of O 16 was also different from previous submarines of the RNN, hosting such amenities as a refrigerator and multiple sinks for the crew. The design of O 16 was such a success that the Polish Navy ordered four submarines based on this design, resulting in the Polish submarines ORP Orzeł (1938) and ORP Sęp (1938).

Commissioning
O 16 was laid down on 28 December 1933, at the Koninklijke Maatschappij De Schelde, Vlissingen, and launched on 27 January 1936. On 16 October, she was commissioned in the RNN. At the time of her commissioning, she was the largest submarine in the RNN. Her shakedown cruise took place from 11 January until 6 April 1937.

During the shakedown cruise, the submarine was under command of LTZ1 C.J.W. van Waning. The trip was marked by bad weather and uneasy sea, causing disruptions for the crew. Many became seasick and could not do their duty, and preparing food was hard. The shakedown trip took O 16 to the port of Hamilton, Bermuda (5 February 1937), Norfolk, Virginia (13–14 February), and Washington, D.C. (15–24 February). During their time in Washington, Commander van Waning and one of the guests aboard the submarine, F. A. Vening Meinesz were granted an audience with American President Franklin D. Roosevelt. After the trip to Washington, O 16 resumed its journey to Ponta Delgada (7–8 March) and Lisbon (12 March). The Spanish Civil War was taking place during this time, which led General Francisco Franco to block access of ships to the Mediterranean Sea with the aid of the Royal Italian Navy.

The Dutch government therefore ordered O 16 to escort ships and perform convoy duties, she performed these together with other ships of the RNN. For example, on 18 March 1937, O 16 performed convoy duties together with HNLMS Hertog Hendrik. Finally, on 1 April, O 16 went home to the Netherlands to finish her shakedown cruise, arriving at the Dutch port of Den Helder on 16 April.

Between 16 April 1937 and 12 December 1938, O 16 took part in multiple events and helped the RNN with torpedo developments. Some notable events O 16 took part in include a fleet demonstration off the coast of Scheveningen on 3 September. This demonstration took place to celebrate Wilhelmina of the Netherlands being queen and head of state of the Netherlands for 40 years. After these events, O 16 was taken out of service between 12 December 1938 and mid-April 1939, for her biennial maintenance. The maintenance happened at the Rijkswerf te Willemsoord in Den Helder.

Dutch East Indies
In 1939, O 16 was sent to the Dutch East Indies via the Suez Canal and attached to the submarine division there. This made her the first O series submarine that went to the Dutch East Indies; normally only K series submarines were sent to the colony. During her journey to the colony, she came across and docked at several ports, such as Lisbon, Port Said and Aden. O 16 finally reached her destination, Tanjung Priok, on 5 June 1939.

Soon after the Netherlands surrendered to Germany in 1940, the situation in Southeast Asia also degraded. A Japanese attack was expected, while there were also rumors of German raiders who had their eyes on the Dutch East Indies. To this end, O 16 among other ships was sent on patrol around the Dutch East Indies to catch these German raiders. In September 1940, O 16 and HNLMS K XVIII were sent from Tanjung Priok to shadow the steamship Lematang and tanker Olivia, during their trip from Durban to Lourenço Marques, with the intention to sink any possible German raider.

Besides these missions, O 16 was mostly kept docked in the port of Soerabaja, while the RNN, United States Navy, Royal Australian Navy and the British Royal Navy debated over how their possible alliance against Japan would take form (such as deciding who commands what ships). Only in November did the Dutch government-in-exile in London decide that submarine division I, to which O 16 belonged, would come under British command.

World War II
After being put under British command, O 16 was sent on multiple patrol missions. This started in November 1941, when she was sent on patrol in the South China Sea. Her home-port also changed to Singapore as a result. On 6 December 1941, O 16 was sent to patrol the Gulf of Siam. During this patrol, O 16 spotted two Japanese destroyers, however, since there was no war with Japan no torpedoes were launched.

This situation changed a day later, on 7 December, when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. This resulted in war with the Japanese, while the Dutch government also decided to put two more submarine divisions under British command, for a total of three out of the four Dutch submarine divisions. On the night of 8 to 9 December, two Japanese destroyers were seen by O 16 but were not pursued.

On 9 December, at 9 p.m., O 16 received a message from British command to sail for the coast of Siam together with other submarines in divisions I and II. The reason for this was that a large number of Japanese troop transports were spotted off the coast. The following day, on 11 December at 6 a.m., the submarines were ordered to set course for the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, between Kota Bharu and Singora. Japanese troopships were spotted there and the submarines were meant to sink them. Earlier that night, however, O 16 had spotted a Japanese troopship and launched three torpedoes, but because of the bad weather the crew could not confirm if they had hit and sunk the ship. The next day, on 12 December, O 16 once again spotted a Japanese troopship heading towards Pattani. Anton Bussemaker, commander of O 16, gave the order to follow the ship.

Eventually, the troopship moored in the Bay of Soengei Patani, around 9:30 p.m., where more Japanese troopships were seen as Lieutenant Huibert van Eijnsbergen maneuvered O 16 into the bay. The bay was only 11 m deep so O 16 had to stay on the surface while she approached the moored troopships using electric motors to make as little noise as possible. Escape was unlikely in the event of her being seen; the troopships were equipped with guns that were used to protect against ships and surfaced submarines. Four torpedoes were launched at four different troopships. After the four torpedoes hit their targets and exploded, two more torpedoes were launched, resulting in three Japanese troopships partially sinking in the shallow waters of the bay and one only slightly damaged. Nonetheless, the crew of O 16 held this achievement in high regard, and retreated to their home-port in Singapore with only one torpedo left.

Loss
On 15 December 1941, during her homebound voyage to Singapore, O 16 hit a Japanese naval mine near Tioman Island, while leaving the Gulf of Siam. Only one man out of the crew of 42 survived. The survivor, quartermaster Cor de Wolf, managed to swim to Dayang Island, and eventually got in contact with the Royal Netherlands Navy, which brought him to Singapore. <!-- There, he briefed the Dutch navy officers on what had happened to the ship. According to De Wolf, he was on the bridge when he heard a loud noise and saw the submarine break into two parts. The submarine started sinking within a minute, he was soon adrift in the water. While drifting around in the sea he sought for and eventually found other crew members adrift.

When he reached them, he noticed that the other survivors were those that were alongside him on the bridge, except for Commander Bussemaker. These were First Lieutenant Jeekel, Corporal Bos, Lance Corporal Van Tol, Marine First Class Kruijdenhof. They all start screaming for Bussemaker, which replied to them, but he was too far away to be reached, and relatively soon was not heard or seen again. The five survivors meanwhile tried orientating where they were and came to the conclusion that they had to swim in the direction between the left side of the moon and the right side of a star that were in sky.

Shortly after the sun started rising above the South China Sea, Van Tol did not have the strength anymore to swim further and sank away. Meanwhile, Islands started to appear on the horizon, to which the remaining survivors started swimming. However, around 8 a.m., Jeekel could not go on and sank away. Shortly after, De Wolf asked the other two remaining survivors, Kruijdenhof and Bos, how their holding was holding up. The only answer he heard from both was "thirsty". Nonetheless, after six-and-a-half hours of swimming, Kruijdenhof sank slowly away into the sea around 9 a.m.

At the same time, the current started to get stronger in the ocean and pushed De Wolf and Bos to the east of the Islands they saw in the distance. After the sun started to go under and both had swum for 17 hours, Bos told De Wolf he had no strength left to swim and started sinking away. Before he sank, he also told De Wolf to send his regards to his wife and children if he managed to survive. The loss of Bos meant that De Wolf was all alone in his struggle to reach land. It eventually took him 35 hours until he made it to Dayang Island. There he came across a native who could not understand him, however, he did take him to his village head which spoke a language De Wolf also knew, namely Malay. Through the village head, he managed to make contact with the first Australian units and eventually the Royal Netherlands Navy.

(The above might be able to be rehabilitated into the rest of the article at a later time.) -->

The wreck of O 16 was not found until 1995, when a Swedish diver, named Sten Sjostrand, came across the wreck. He suspected it to be O 16, and contacted the Dutch newspaper AD, who then put him in contact with the RNN. They confirmed the identity of the ship, and an expedition was organized which included people from the navy, two newspapers, and two descendants of Commander Bussemaker.

They met with Sjostrand on 24 October 1995, in Tioman to seek the wreck and confirm its identity. On 26 October, at 4 a.m., an expedition team consisting of Sjostrand and four other divers went on the boat Cadenza, to the location of the wreck, which was located 22 miles northeast of Tioman and at a diving depth of 53 meters. At its location, the divers tried and failed to find the name of the ship on the hull. Instead, they recorded during their dive sessions, and later compared what they recorded with the designs of O 16. From there, they were able to confirm that the wreck was indeed O 16.

In October 2013, a crane vessel was photographed dredging up the wreck of O 16 for sale as scrap metal.

Raiding history

 * 11 December 1941
 * Japanese troopship Ayatosan Maru, 9,788–7,170 tons, damaged


 * 12 December 1941
 * Japanese troopship Tosan Maru, 8,666 tons, sunk
 * Japanese troopship Asosan Maru, 8,812 tons, sunk
 * Japanese troopship Kinka Maru, 9,396 tons, sunk
 * Japanese troopship Ayatosan Maru, 9,788 tons, damaged