Hadharem

The Hadharem (حضارم) or the Hadhrami (حضرمي, singular) are an Arab sub-ethnic group indigenous to the Hadhramaut region in South Arabia, which is part of modern-day eastern Yemen and their own dialect, Hadhrami Arabic. Among the two million inhabitants of Hadhramaut, there are about 1,300 distinct tribes.

Society
As in other regions of Yemen, Hadhrami society is stratified into several groups. At the top of hierarchy are the religious elites or sayyids, who trace their descent to Muhammad. These are followed by the Sheikhs, Tribesmen, Townspeople, Dhu'afa (Farmers, Fishers and Builders). At the bottom of the hierarchy are al-Muhamashīn "the Marginalized" (previously referred to as al-akhdam "the servants")

After Islam, the majority of Hadhramaut used to follow Ibadi Islam until in 951 AD when they abandoned Ibadism and accepted Sunni Islam. Shafi'ism (of Sunni Islam) is the biggest school In Hadhramaut. Hadharem women have more freedom and education than women in many other Arab countries.

Language
The Hadharem speak Hadhrami Arabic, a dialect of Arabic, although Hadharem living in the diaspora that have acculturated mainly speak the local language of the region they live in.

Diaspora


The Hadharem have a long seafaring and trading tradition that predates Semitic cultures. Hadramite influence was later overshadowed by the rise of the Sabaeans, who became the ruling class. This prompted Hadhrami seamen to emigrate in large numbers around the Indian Ocean basin, including the Horn of Africa, the Swahili Coast, the Malabar Coast, Hyderabad in South India, Sri Lanka, and Maritime Southeast Asia.

Hadharem in the Persian Gulf
Hadharami communities exist in western Yemen, the trading ports of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and on the coast of the Red Sea. The money changers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia have historically been of Hadhrami origin.

Hadhrami East Africans
The Hadharem have long had a presence in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia), and also comprise a notable part of the Harari population. Hadhrami settlers were instrumental in helping to consolidate the Muslim community in the coastal Benadir province of Somalia, in particular. During the colonial period, disgruntled Hadharem from the tribal wars settled in various Somali towns. They were also frequently recruited into the armies of the Somali Sultanates.

Some Hadhrami communities also reportedly exist in Mozambique, Comoros, and Madagascar.

Hadhrami Jews
The vast majority of the Hadhrami Jews now live in Israel.

List of Hadhrami Diaspora

 * Sri Lankan Moors
 * Arab Filipino
 * Arab Indonesian
 * Arab Malaysian
 * Arab Singaporean
 * Chaush, India
 * Sodagar (Gujarati Shaikh)
 * Konkani Muslims of the Konkani division of Maharashtra (partially)
 * Nawayath, of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka, India; Barkas, Hyderabad, India
 * Mappila of Kerala, India
 * Hadhrami Jews in Israel and abroad
 * The Surti Sunni Vohra Community in Gujarat that are partially of Hadhrami descent
 * Lemba people (Sena) who are of paternal Yemeni ancestry via Hadhramautic settlers in South East Africa; These Hadhrami settlers were primarily from the city of Sana.

Yemen

 * Mohammed A. Al-Hadhrami, former Foreign Minister of the Republic of Yemen (2019-2020)
 * Waleed salam Bills wad Bin Hilabi
 * Abd Al-Rahman Ali Al-Jifri, politician
 * Abdulaziz Al-Saqqaf, human-rights activist
 * Faisal Bin Shamlan, politician
 * Habib Ali al-Jifri, Islamic scholar
 * Habib Umar bin Hafiz, Islamic scholar
 * Habib Abdullah bin Alwi al-Haddad, Sufi saint
 * Imam Muhammad al-Faqih Muqaddam, founder of Ba'alawi Sufi order
 * Sayyid Abu Bakr Al-Aidarus (saint)
 * Syed Alwi Jamalullail, wali

Swahili Coast

 * Awadh Saleh Sherman, Kenya, businessman
 * Najib Balala, Kenya, former Minister of Tourism
 * Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, former President of Comoros
 * Habib Salih, Lamu, Kenya, religious scholar
 * Khadija Abdalla Bajaber, Mombasa, Kenya, poet and novelist
 * Mohamed Saleh Bawazir, businessman and philanthropist
 * Taib Ali Bajaber, former Mayor of Mombasa
 * Bushra Mohamed, British-Kenyan, Architect, Academic & Writer

North Africa

 * Artega tribe, Babkeer, Sudan

Horn of Africa

 * Mohammed Al Amoudi, Ethiopia, businessman

Indonesia

 * Abdurrahman Baswedan, Journalist
 * Abdurrahman Shihab, Academic and Politician
 * Najwa Shihab, Journalist and tv presenter
 * Abu Bakar Bashir, founder of Jamaah Islamiyah
 * Ali Alatas, former Foreign Minister
 * Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Saqqaf, novelist and poet
 * Alwi Shihab, former Foreign Minister, special envoy to Middle East and OIC
 * Anies Baswedan, scholar, former Education Minister, Governor of Jakarta (2017-2022)
 * Nadiem Anwar Makarim, Minister of Education and Culture
 * Fadel Muhammad al-Haddar, former Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
 * Fuad Hassan, Minister of Education and Culture
 * Hamid Algadri, a figure in Indonesian National Revolution and member of parliament
 * Sultan Hamid II, Pontianak Sultanate
 * Habib Abdoe'r Rahman Alzahier, religious leader
 * Habib Ali al-Habshi of Kwitang, religious leader
 * Habib Munzir Al-Musawa, Islamic cleric
 * Habib Rizieq Shihab, founder of FPI
 * Habib Usman bin Yahya, Mufti of Batavia
 * Jafar Umar Thalib, founder of Laskar Jihad
 * Sultan Badaruddin II, Sultan of Palembang
 * Munir Said Thalib Al-Kathiri, human rights activist
 * Nuruddin ar-Raniri, Islamic scholar
 * Quraish Shihab, Islamic scholar
 * Raden Saleh, Artist/painter
 * Said Naum, a philanthropist
 * Sayyid Abdullah Al-Aidarus, religious leader
 * Andi Soraya, Actress
 * Ahmad Albar, Musician

East Timor

 * Mari Alkatiri, former Prime Minister

Malaysia

 * Habib Alwi bin Thahir al-Haddad, former Mufti of Johor Bahru
 * Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas, philosopher
 * Syed Hussein Alatas, politician and sociologist
 * Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, writer
 * Syed Hamid Albar, politician
 * Syed Jaafar Albar, politician
 * Syed Sheh Hassan Barakbah, judge
 * Syarif Masahor, warrior
 * Syed Mokhtar Al-Bukhary businessman
 * Syed Nasir Ismail, politician
 * Tun Habib Abdul Majid, Grand Vizier
 * Zeti Akhtar Aziz, former Governor of Central Bank
 * House of Jamalullail (Perak)
 * House of Jamalullail (Perlis)

Singapore
The Hadharem presence in Singapore came from encouragement of Stamford Raffles to trade in his newly established colony of Singapore.
 * Alsagoff family
 * Syed Abdul Rahman Alsagoff, merchant
 * Syed Mohamed Alsagoff, military leader
 * Syed Sharif Omar bin Ali Al Junied, merchant and namesake of Aljunied Road

South Asia

 * Ahmed Bin Abdullah Balala, Indian politician
 * Ahmed Abdullah Masdoosi, Indian activist and lawyer
 * Nuruddin ar-Raniri, Indian Islamic scholar
 * Shah Jalal, Sufi saint in Bengal
 * Shah Paran, Sufi saint in Bengal
 * Subhani ba Yunus, Pakistani actor
 * Syed Ahmed El Edroos, Indian Army general of Hyderabad
 * Sulaiman Areeb, Indian poet
 * Awaz Sayeed, Indian writer and poet

Qatar

 * Bawazir family
 * Bayazid family
 * Bin Hilabi family
 * Bahantoush Al-Kindi family
 * Abu Futtaim family
 * Belgaith family
 * Bakhamees family
 * Al Attas family
 * Al Kathiri family
 * Baharoon family
 * Bin Shahbal family
 * Al Jeenadi/Junaidi
 * Al Amoodi

Saudi Arabia

 * Bin Laden family
 * Mohammed Al Amoudi, businessman
 * Bin Gursain family
 * Khalid bin Mahfouz
 * Abdullah Bugshan