Hadhrami Arabic

Hadhrami Arabic, or Ḥaḍrami Arabic (ḤA), is a variety of Arabic spoken by the Hadhrami people (Ḥaḍārem) living in the region of Hadhramaut in southeastern Yemen, with a small number of speakers found in Kenya.

Hadhrami Arabic is also the main element language that forms a local variety of Arabic in Indonesia, a variety that was eventually referred to as Indonesian Arabic. Where most of the vocabulary and grammar are absorbed from here.

Phonology
The dialect in many towns and villages in the Wādī (valley) and the coastal region is characterised by its ج -yodization, changing the Classical Arabic reflex to the approximant ي. That resembles some Eastern Arabian and Gulf dialects, including the dialects of Basra in Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain other Arab Emirates. In educated speech, ج is realised as a voiced palatal plosive or affricate  in some lexical items which are marked [+ religious] or [+ educated] (see ق  below).

The ق reflex is pronounced as a voiced velar  in all lexical items throughout the dialect. In some other Arabic dialects, is realised as a voiceless uvular plosive  in certain marked lexemes [+ religious], [+ educational]:  “Qur’an”. With the spread of literacy and contact with speakers of other Arabic dialects, future sociolinguistic research may reveal whether using the uvular in certain lexemes and retaining the velar  for others will occur.

Consonants

 * Sounds are phonetically noted as lamino-alveolar stops.
 * is phonetically noted as an apical-alveolar stop.
 * can be heard as a voiced palatal plosive or an affricate sound.
 * In the dialects of Al-Qarn, both and  can be heard as affricated,.
 * can be heard as labiodental when preceding.
 * can be heard as a palatal nasal when following . When preceding, it is then heard as.

Vowels

 * There are five diphthongs noted as.

In non-emphatic environments, is realised as an open front (slightly raised) unrounded. Thus, "second," which is normally realised with an -like quality in the Gulf dialects, is realised with an.

Distinctions ث, ت,   and ذ, د ,  are made in Wādī, but ض  and ظ  are both pronounced ظ. The Coast merges all the pairs into the stops د, ت and ض (, and  ), respectively.

The dialect is characterised by not allowing final consonant clusters to occur in final position. Thus, Classical Arabic  "girl" is realised as. In initial positions, there is a difference between the Wādī and the coastal varieties. The coast has initial clusters in "he wants,"  "onions" and  "mail (n.)," but Wādī realises the second and third words as  and, respectively.

Morphology
When the first person singular comes as an independent subject pronoun, it is marked for gender: for masculine and  for feminine. As an object pronoun, it comes as a bound morpheme: for masculine and  for feminine. The first person subject plural is naḥnā.

The first person direct object plural is rather than the  of many dialects. Thus, the cognate of the Classical Arabic  "he hit us" is.

Stem VI, tC1āC2aC3, can be umlauted to tC1ēC2aC3, thus changing the pattern vowel ā to ē. That leads to a semantic change, as in "they ran away suddenly" and  "they shirk, try to escape."

Intensive and frequentative verbs are common in the dialect. Thus "to break" is intensified to, as in  "he played rough." It can be metathesized to become frequentative, as in  "he made a series (lit. breaks) of giggles or laughs."

Syntax
The syntax has many similarities to other Peninsular Arabic dialects. However, the dialect contains a number of unique particles used for co-ordination, negation, and other sentence types. Examples in coordination include "but, nevertheless, though,"  (Classical Arabic ) "as for…," and  "or."

Like many other dialects, apophonic or ablaut passive (as in "it was written") is not very common, and is mainly confined to clichés and proverbs from other dialects, including Classical Arabic.

The particle developed semantically in the dialect to  or  "yet, already, almost, nearly" and  or  "maybe, perhaps."

Vocabulary
There are a few lexical items that are shared with Modern South Arabian languages, which perhaps distinguish this dialect from other neighbouring Peninsular dialects. The effect of Hadhrami emigration to Southeast Asia (see Arab Indonesians and Arab Singaporeans), the Indian subcontinent and East Africa is clear in the vocabulary especially in certain registers like types of food and dress: "sarong." Many loanwords are listed in al-Saqqaf (2006).