Hakhshara

Hakhshara (הַכְשָׁרָה; also transliterated Hachsharah, Hachshara or Hakhsharah) is a Hebrew word that literally means "preparation". The term is used for training programs and agricultural centres in Europe and elsewhere. At these centers Zionist youth and young adults would learn vocational skills necessary for their emigration to Israel and subsequent life in kibbutzim. Such camps existed before World War II, and still exist today. Nowadays, these programs are usually based on kibbutzim in Israel for youth who are in their gap year, between finishing high-school and starting university, and include exploring Israel and studying Israeli culture. This was also true of the religious programs, that until a few decades were based based on a religious kibbutz and typically contained a period of Torah study. Nowadays, the religious programs still incorporate a period on a religious kibbutz, but are more diverse in what they offer, see at Bnei Akiva website (here).

Pre-war Germany

 * Schniebinchen in Germany (now Świbinki, Poland). 
 * Landwerk Neuendorf at Steinhöfel, Germany
 * Altona-Blankenese at Hamburg, Germany
 * Fraustadt in Posen-West Prussia, Germany, now Wschowa, Poland
 * Markenhof in Germany
 * Marx family at Gruessen (now Gemunden, Wohra), Germany

Italy

 * Sciesopoli in Italy.

Netherlands

 * Werkdorp Nieuwesluis in the Netherlands
 * Westerbork (village)

Pre-war Poland

 * over 200 hakhsharas
 * Iwanie Puste and nearby village of Tzygany, now in Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine

Pre-war Lithuania

 * Ponevezh (Yiddish) or Panevėžys, Lithuania

Post-war Australia

 * Springvale, Victoria and later Toolamba, Australia