Helicia

Helicia is a genus of 110 species of trees and shrubs, constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae. They grow naturally in rainforests throughout tropical South and Southeast Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia to New Guinea and as far south as New South Wales.

Conservation
At global, national and regional government scales, many Helicia species have been threatened with extinction, as officially recognised by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and by continental, national and local governments. Seventeen species have official IUCN global conservation statuses of either "critically endangered", "endangered", "vulnerable" or "near threatened" (in terms of global extinction).

Naming and classification
In 1790, notable pioneer botanist João de Loureiro described this genus as Helicia in his publication Flora Cochinchinensis. The type species for the genus was Helicia cochinchinensis, the type specimen of which was collected in Cochinchina, Vietnam. The genus name derives from the Greek word "έλιξ" (élix), which refers to the petals, now called tepals, spirally revolving or simply rolling or coiling up on themselves, at anthesis (the flowering time when the anthers open).

In 1831, botanist Nathaniel Wallich named Helicia robusta for a dried specimen of a cultivated plant in India, based on the specimen's earlier 1814 name Roupala robusta by William Roxburgh. Roxburgh's Calcutta botanic gardens cultivated the plant.

From the 1850s to the 1860s notable German–Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller formally described several new Australian species. In the late 1800s and early 1900s Frederick M. Bailey concentrated further on additional Queensland species, writing descriptions of them in numerous scientific papers.

In 1939, Hermann O. Sleumer described many additional Malesian species, especially in New Guinea. In 1955, he published a revision of the genus. In 1956, his treatment of the genus in Flora Malesiana was published. From 1969 to the late 1990s botanist Don B. Foreman, who was based in Papua New Guinea and Australia, collected numerous additional species, which he formally described before he wrote the comprehensive reviews and flora treatments for the two regions;   notably in the authoritative Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea (1978–1995, to date 3 volumes), he wrote the chapters for Proteaceae and other families; and in the authoritative Flora of Australia (1981–, 60 volume series) he wrote the treatment of Helicia.

From the 1990s botanist Richard C. K. Chung, based in Malaysia, published new species formal descriptions and a revision of the 13 species occurring in Borneo. In total, approximately 100 species have been formally scientifically described.

Lawrie Johnson and Barbara G. Briggs grouped Helicia with Xylomelum in the subtribe Heliciinae, tribe Helicieae, and subfamily Grevilleoideae in their 1975 monograph "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family". However, genetics studies showed these two to be relatively unrelated, instead finding the closest genetic correlations between Hollandaea and Helicia, and therefore classifying them both in the subtribe Heliciinae within the tribe Roupaleae.

Diversity and description
Helicia plants generally grow naturally as small trees, while some species grow as shrubs and some grow to medium-sized trees up to 30 m.

They grow naturally across the Malesia region with the major centre of species diversity of about fifty species in New Guinea. They grow naturally in the south west Pacific ocean region, and in north and eastern Australia. They grow naturally across southern and eastern Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia and another centre of species diversity of about twenty species in southern China, extending to parts of the Indian subcontinent, the Philippines, Taiwan, and southern Japan. The plant family Proteaceae's 1,700 species (approximate) have their greatest diversity in the southern hemisphere and smaller centres of diversity including some Helicia, in the near northern hemisphere. The species diversity of the plant family Proteaceae decreases further northwards. H. cochinchinensis has the natural distribution reaching furthest north to Japan where it grows into trees in the mountains of warmer parts and where no other species nor other Proteaceae genera occur. The same Japanese name Yama-mogashi (山もがし) for this species, also means the whole genus and the entire Proteaceae plant family. In the New Guinea and southern China centres of species diversity, many species grow in forests, up to as tall as the sub-canopy, especially diverse in rainforests. In Australia, they are generally components of rainforests, and prefer richer soils, especially in the farthest south region of Helicia's global distribution, the Illawarra, New South Wales, south of Sydney, where only one species H. glabriflora occurs, preferring richer basalt soils.

Cultivation
In India and east Asia Helicias have been cultivated in botanic gardens, from the 1800s. In Australia they have rarely been cultivated, and were thought to have little horticultural value. The rusty-coloured new growth is attractive on some species. In some of the better known Australian species, the flowers and fruit are generally not prominent, and plants can be slow growing. They are generally propagated by seed, the viability of which drops rapidly with time.

Species
(this list may have a small number of species missing, presently it has 99, out of the approximate total stated by sources of 110)


 * Helicia acutifolia  – New Guinea – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Vulnerable
 * Helicia affinis  – New Guinea
 * Helicia albiflora  – New Guinea – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Near threatened
 * Helicia amplifolia  – New Guinea – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Near threatened
 * Helicia archboldiana – New Guinea
 * Helicia attenuata – Borneo
 * Helicia australasica    – New Guinea, Australia – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Vulnerable
 * Helicia blakei – Australia
 * Helicia bullata – New Guinea
 * Helicia calocoma  – New Guinea – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Vulnerable
 * Helicia cameronii – New Guinea
 * Helicia carrii (Syn: H. brassii, H. divaricata ) – New Guinea
 * Helicia celatus – New Guinea
 * Helicia ceylanica – Sri Lanka endemic
 * Helicia clivicola – China region
 * Helicia cochinchinensis – China, Indochina, Taiwan, Japan
 * Helicia coeruleopurpurea – New Guinea
 * Helicia commutata  – New Guinea
 * Helicia dongxingensis – China region
 * Helicia excelsa – Borneo
 * Helicia falcata – China region
 * Helicia ferruginea   – Australia
 * Helicia finisterrae – New Guinea
 * Helicia forbesiana – New Guinea
 * Helicia formosana – China region
 * Helicia fragilis – New Guinea
 * Helicia fuscotomentosa – Borneo endemic
 * Helicia glabriflora   – eastern Australia
 * Helicia graciliflora – Philippines endemic
 * Helicia grandifolia – Vietnam endemic – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Vulnerable
 * Helicia grandis – China region
 * Helicia grayi – Australia
 * Helicia hainanensis – China region
 * Helicia hypoglauca – New Guinea, New Britain
 * Helicia insculpta  – New Guinea
 * Helicia insularis  – New Guinea – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Endangered
 * Helicia islandica – New Guinea
 * Helicia kwangtungensis – China region
 * Helicia laiagamensis  – New Guinea
 * Helicia lamingtoniana  – Australia
 * Helicia latifolia – New Guinea – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Near threatened
 * Helicia lauterbachiana (Syn: H. grandifolia ) – New Guinea
 * Helicia ledermannii – New Guinea
 * Helicia lewisensis – NE Queensland, Australia
 * Helicia longespicata  – New Guinea
 * Helicia longipetiolata – China region
 * Helicia loranthoides – Philippines endemic
 * Helicia macrostachya – New Guinea
 * Helicia maxwelliana – Borneo: Sabah endemic, rare
 * Helicia microneura (Syn: H. arguta  ) – New Guinea
 * Helicia microphylla – New Guinea
 * Helicia moluccana – Moluccas
 * Helicia neglecta  – New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago endemic: New Britain, New Ireland – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Vulnerable
 * Helicia nilagirica – Southeast Asia, Yunnan, India, Nepal
 * Helicia nortoniana   – Australia
 * Helicia obovata – Java, Borneo
 * Helicia obovatifolia – China region
 * var. mixta – China region
 * var. obovatifolia – China region


 * Helicia obtusata (Syn: H. clemensiae ) – New Guinea
 * Helicia odorata – New Guinea
 * Helicia olivacea  – New Guinea
 * Helicia oreadum – New Guinea
 * Helicia pallescens – New Guinea
 * Helicia paucinervia – Philippines endemic
 * Helicia peekelii – New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago: New Ireland endemic – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Vulnerable
 * Helicia peltata – New Guinea – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Critically endangered
 * Helicia petiolaris – Borneo
 * Helicia platyphylla  – New Guinea
 * Helicia polyosmoides  – New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago: Manus Island endemic – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Critically endangered
 * Helicia pterygota – Borneo: Sabah endemic, rare
 * Helicia pyrrhobotrya – China region
 * Helicia recurva – Queensland Australia
 * Helicia rengetiensis – China region
 * Helicia retevenia  – New Guinea
 * Helicia reticulata – China region
 * Helicia retusa  – New Guinea – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Vulnerable
 * Helicia robusta var. robusta – Malesia: Borneo, Philippines, India
 * Helicia rostrata  – New Guinea – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Vulnerable
 * Helicia rufescens – Borneo, rare
 * Helicia saruwagedica  – New Guinea
 * Helicia saurauioides – New Guinea
 * Helicia schlechteri – New Guinea
 * Helicia sellae-montis  – New Guinea
 * Helicia serrata var. serrata – Borneo
 * Helicia sessilifolia – Borneo: Sabah & Sarawak endemic, uncommon
 * Helicia shweliensis – China region – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Endangered
 * Helicia silvicola – China region
 * Helicia sleumeri – New Guinea
 * Helicia stelechantha – New Guinea
 * Helicia subcordata  – New Guinea – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Critically endangered
 * Helicia symplocoides  – Borneo endemic – [[Image:Blue globe icon.svg|14px|Globally]] Vulnerable
 * Helicia tibetensis – China region
 * Helicia torricellensis – New Guinea
 * Helicia tsaii – China region
 * Helicia uganensis  – New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago endemic: New Britain, New Ireland
 * Helicia varoyenii – New Guinea
 * Helicia versteeghii – New Guinea
 * Helicia vestita
 * var. longipes – China region
 * var. vestita – China region incl. Thailand


 * Helicia wollastonii – New Guinea
 * Helicia yangchunensis – China region