Herman Kahn

Herman Kahn (February 15, 1922 – July 7, 1983) was an American physicist and a founding member of the Hudson Institute, regarded as one of the preeminent futurists of the latter part of the twentieth century. He originally came to prominence as a military strategist and systems theorist while employed at the RAND Corporation. He analyzed the likely consequences of nuclear war and recommended ways to improve survivability during the Cold War. Kahn posited the idea of a "winnable" nuclear exchange in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War for which he was one of the historical inspirations for the title character of Stanley Kubrick's classic black comedy film satire Dr. Strangelove. In his commentary for Fail Safe, director Sidney Lumet remarked that the Professor Groeteschele character is also based on Herman Kahn. Kahn's theories contributed to the development of the nuclear strategy of the United States.

Early life and education
Kahn was born in Bayonne, New Jersey, the son of Yetta (née Koslowsky) and Abraham Kahn, a tailor. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. He was raised in the Bronx, then in Los Angeles following his parents' divorce. Raised Jewish, he later became an atheist. Kahn graduated from Fairfax High School in 1940 and served in the United States Army during the Burma campaign in World War II in a non-combat capacity as a telephone lineman. He received a Bachelor of Science at UCLA and briefly attended Caltech to pursue a doctorate before dropping out with a Master of Science due to financial constraints. He joined the RAND Corporation as a mathematician after being recruited by fellow physicist Samuel Cohen.

Cold War theories
Kahn's major contributions were the several strategies he developed during the Cold War to contemplate "the unthinkable" – namely, nuclear warfare – by using applications of game theory. Kahn is often cited (with Pierre Wack) as a father of scenario planning.

Kahn argued for deterrence and believed that if the Soviet Union believed that the United States had a second strike capability then it would offer greater deterrence, which he wrote in his paper titled "The Nature and Feasibility of War and Deterrence".

The bases of his work were systems theory and game theory as applied to economics and military strategy. Kahn argued that for deterrence to succeed, the Soviet Union had to be convinced that the United States had second-strike capability in order to leave the Politburo in no doubt that even a perfectly coordinated massive attack would guarantee a measure of retaliation that would leave them devastated as well:

"At the minimum, an adequate deterrent for the United States must provide an objective basis for a Soviet calculation that would persuade them that, no matter how skillful or ingenious they were, an attack on the United States would lead to a very high risk if not certainty of large-scale destruction to Soviet civil society and military forces."

In 1962, Kahn published a 16-step escalation ladder. By 1965 he had developed this into a 44-step ladder.


 * 1) Ostensible Crisis
 * 2) Political, Economic and Diplomatic Gestures
 * 3) Solemn and Formal Declarations
 * 4) Hardening of Positions – Confrontation of Wills
 * 5) Show of Force
 * 6) Significant Mobilization
 * 7) "Legal" Harassment – Retortions
 * 8) Harassing Acts of Violence
 * 9) Dramatic Military Confrontations
 * 10) Provocative Breaking off of Diplomatic Relations
 * 11) Super-Ready Status
 * 12) Large Conventional War (or Actions)
 * 13) Large Compound Escalation
 * 14) Declaration of Limited Conventional War
 * 15) Barely Nuclear War
 * 16) Nuclear "Ultimatums"
 * 17) Limited Evacuations (20%)
 * 18) Spectacular Show or Demonstration of Force
 * 19) "Justifiable" Counterforce Attack
 * 20) "Peaceful" World-Wide Embargo or Blockade
 * 21) Local Nuclear War – Exemplary
 * 22) Declaration of Limited Nuclear War
 * 23) Local Nuclear War – Military
 * 24) Unusual, Provocative and Significant Countermeasures
 * 25) Evacuation (70%)
 * 26) Demonstration Attack on Zone of Interior
 * 27) Exemplary Attack on Military
 * 28) Exemplary Attacks Against Property
 * 29) Exemplary Attacks on Population
 * 30) Complete Evacuation (95%)
 * 31) Reciprocal Reprisals
 * 32) Formal Declaration of "General" War
 * 33) Slow-Motion Counter-"Property" War
 * 34) Slow-Motion Counterforce War
 * 35) Constrained Force-Reduction Salvo
 * 36) Constrained Disarming Attack
 * 37) Counterforce-with-Avoidance Attack
 * 38) Unmodified Counterforce Attack
 * 39) Slow-Motion Countercity war
 * 40) Countervalue Salvo
 * 41) Augmented Disarming Attack
 * 42) Civilian Devastation Attack
 * 43) Controlled General War
 * 44) Spasm/Insensate War

Hudson Institute
In 1961, Kahn, Max Singer and Oscar Ruebhausen founded the Hudson Institute, a think tank initially located in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, where Kahn was living at the time. He recruited sociologist Daniel Bell, political philosopher Raymond Aron and novelist Ralph Ellison (author of the 1952 classic Invisible Man).

The Year 2000
In 1967, Herman Kahn and Anthony J. Wiener published The Year 2000: A Framework for Speculation on the Next Thirty-Three Years, which included contributions from staff members of the Hudson Institute and an introduction by Daniel Bell. Table XVIII in the document contains a list called "One Hundred Technical Innovations Very Likely in the Last Third of the Twentieth Century". The first ten predictions were:
 * 1) Multiple applications of lasers
 * 2) Extreme high-strength structural materials
 * 3) New or improved superperformance fabrics
 * 4) New or improved materials for equipment and appliances
 * 5) New airborne vehicles (ground-effect vehicles, giant or supersonic jets, VTOL, STOL)
 * 6) Extensive commercial applications of shaped-charge explosives
 * 7) More reliable and longer-range weather forecasting
 * 8) Extensive and/or intensive expansion of tropical agriculture and forestry
 * 9) New sources of power for fixed installations
 * 10) New sources of power for ground transportation

Later years
In Kahn's view, capitalism and technology held nearly boundless potential for progress, while the colonization of space lay in the near, not the distant, future. Kahn's 1976 book The Next 200 Years, written with William Brown and Leon Martel, presented an optimistic scenario of economic conditions in the year 2176. He also wrote a number of books extrapolating the future of the American, Japanese and Australian economies and several works on systems theory, including the well-received 1957 monograph Techniques of System Analysis.

In 1970, Kahn published the book The Emerging Japanese Superstate in which he claimed that Japan would play a large role in the world equal to the Soviet Union and the United States. In the book, he claimed that Japan would pursue obtaining nuclear weapons and that it would pass the United States in per-capita income by 1990, and likely equal it in gross national product by 2000. During the mid-1970s, when South Korea's GDP per capita was one of the lowest in the world, Kahn predicted that the country would become one of the top 10 most powerful countries in the world by the year 2000.

In his last year, 1983, Kahn wrote approvingly of Ronald Reagan's political agenda in The Coming Boom: Economic, Political, and Social and bluntly derided Jonathan Schell's claims about the long-term effects of nuclear war. On July 7 that year, he died of a stroke, aged 61.

Personal life
His wife was Rosalie "Jane" Kahn. He and Jane had two children, David and Debbie.

Cultural influence
Along with John von Neumann, Edward Teller and Wernher von Braun, Kahn was an inspiration for the character "Dr. Strangelove" in the eponymous film by Stanley Kubrick released in 1964. After Kubrick read Kahn's book On Thermonuclear War, he began a correspondence with him which led to face-to-face discussions between Kubrick and Kahn. In the film, Dr. Strangelove refers to a report on the Doomsday Machine by the "BLAND Corporation". Kahn gave Kubrick the idea for the "Doomsday Machine", a device which would immediately cause the destruction of the entire planet in the event of a nuclear attack. Both the name and the concept of the weapon are drawn from the text of On Thermonuclear War. Louis Menand observes, "In Kahn’s book, the Doomsday Machine is an example of the sort of deterrent that appeals to the military mind but that is dangerously destabilizing. Since nations are not suicidal, its only use is to threaten."

Kahn also inspired the character of Professor Groeteschele (Walter Matthau) in the 1964 film Fail Safe.

Publications
Outside physics and statistics, works written by Kahn include:
 * 1960. On Thermonuclear War. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-313-20060-2
 * 1962. Thinking about the Unthinkable. Horizon Press.
 * 1965. On Escalation: Metaphors and Scenarios. Praeger. ISBN 1-41283004-4
 * 1967. The Year 2000: A Framework for Speculation on the Next Thirty-Three Years. MacMillan. ISBN 0-02-560440-6. With Anthony Wiener.
 * 1968. Can We Win in Viet Nam? Praeger. Kahn with four other authors: Gastil, Raymond D.; Pfaff, William; Stillman, Edmund; Armbruster, Frank E.
 * 1970. The Emerging Japanese Superstate: Challenge and Response. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-274670-0
 * 1971. The Japanese Challenge: The Success and Failure of Economic Success. Morrow; Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0-688-08710-8
 * 1972. Things to Come: Thinking about the Seventies and Eighties. MacMillan. ISBN 0-02-560470-8. With B. Bruce-Briggs.
 * 1973. Herman Kahnsciousness: the Megaton Ideas of the One-Man Think Tank. New American Library. Selected and edited by Jerome Agel.
 * 1974. The Future of the Corporation. Mason & Lipscomb. ISBN 0-88405-009-2
 * 1976. The Next 200 Years: A Scenario for America and the World. Morrow. ISBN 0-688-08029-4
 * 1979. World Economic Development: 1979 and Beyond. William Morrow; Croom Helm. ISBN 0-688-03479-9. With Hollender, Jeffrey, and Hollender, John A.
 * 1981. Will She Be Right? The Future of Australia. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-7022-1569-4. With Thomas Pepper.
 * 1983. The Coming Boom: Economic, Political, and Social. Simon & Schuster; Hutchinson. ISBN 0-671-49265-9
 * 1984. Thinking about the Unthinkable in the 1980s. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-47544-4
 * The Nature and Feasibility of War, Deterrence, and Arms Control (Central nuclear war monograph series), (Hudson Institute)
 * A Slightly Optimistic World Context for 1975–2000 (Hudson Institute)
 * Social Limits to Growth: "Creeping Stagnation" vs. "Natural and Inevitable" (HPS paper)
 * A New Kind of Class Struggle in the United States? (Corporate Environment Program. Research memorandum)

Works published by the RAND Corporation involving Kahn:
 * The nature and feasibility of war and deterrence, RAND Corporation paper P-1888-RC, 1960
 * Some specific suggestions for achieving early non-military defense capabilities and initiating long-range programs, RAND Corporation research memorandum RM-2206-RC, 1958
 * (team led by Herman Kahn) Report on a study of Non-Military Defense, RAND Corporation report R-322-RC, 1958
 * Herman Kahn and Irwin Mann, War Gaming, RAND Corporation paper P-1167, 1957
 * Herman Kahn and Irwin Mann, Ten common pitfalls, RAND research memorandum RM-1937-PR, 1957
 * Herman Kahn, Stochastic (Monte Carlo) attenuation analysis, Santa, Monica, Calif., RAND Corp., 1949