Higher Wincombe

Higher Wincombe is a farm and small hamlet in the parish of Donhead St Mary, Wiltshire, England. It lies at the transition point between the plateau of Shaftesbury and the head of the Nadder Valley, just beyond the north-east edge of the town of Shaftesbury, Dorset, and within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs National Landscape.

History
There was a hamlet called Wincombe by the later 18th century, which was recorded as Higher Wincombe when it was surveyed by the Ordnance Survey in 1886. Wincombe farm was built in the second half of the 18th century (although the barn may have been built in the earlier part of that century) and was enlarged in the 19th century.

The hamlet, together with the lands of Higher Wincombe Farm shouldering the border with Dorset, was requisitioned in 1943 by the Ministry of Works for the war effort and became the Wincombe Y Station which was at first operated by the General Post Office (GPO). Prior to this there was an RAF Home Defence Unit (HDU) operating on the lands, under the control of 26 Group No.363 Wireless Unit, West Kingsdown. RAF Home Defence Units were the cover name for RAF Y Service. HDUs dealt primarily with intercepting Luftwaffe aircraft VHF voice communications, primarily in fighters. It is likely that this HDU became obsolete as Luftwaffe traffic inland decreased after the Battle of Britain. Harold Charles Kenworthy (1892–1987), the head of Government Communications Wireless Station (GCWS) at Knockholt in Kent, reports that in July 1943 it became necessary to consider the expansion of the Foreign Office Y Service to monitor Japanese and German Morse signals. Tests were undertaken at several locations with the observations favouring Wincombe. In addition, observations were noted relating to German non-Morse traffic known as Tunny. Equipment was specially made up and taken to Wincombe, where control and circuit lines were connected through to Knockholt. Initially, staff occupied ex-RAF huts and continued to do so until the main building was completed in the early part of 1944 when a special section was taken over and better gear installed together with a four-channel V/F to Knockholt.

From the 1950s to 1983 the site was operated by the National Security Agency (NSA) of the United States in conjunction with GCHQ. The site was also known as RAF Wincombe, and for a time came under RAF Upper Heyford as part of the United States Air Force in the United Kingdom. The USAF designated Higher Wincombe as a Radio Beacon Site, and it was also known as Operating Location-J (OL-J) of the European Communications Area (ECA) and housed Detachment 4. After the closure of operations in 1977, the decommissioning of the site took a number of years with the site's last elements being handed over in July 1983. The hamlet's properties had been returned to private residences in 1980.

Over the years, the lanes to the east which joined Higher Wincombe to Donhead St Mary and other hamlets in the parish have been downgraded to bridleways. The hamlet is now only accessible via Wincombe Lane – a private road and bridleway – from Shaftesbury. The lane had an avenue of beech trees, established for over 200 years, until they were felled in the 1970s.