House of Wax (1953 film)

House of Wax is a 1953 American period mystery-horror film directed by Andre de Toth and released by Warner Bros. A remake of the studio's own 1933 film, Mystery of the Wax Museum, it stars Vincent Price as a disfigured sculptor who repopulates his destroyed wax museum by murdering people and using their wax-coated corpses as displays. The film premiered in New York on April 10, 1953 and had a general release on April 25, making it the first 3D film with stereophonic sound to be presented in a regular theater and the first color 3D feature film from a major American studio. Man in the Dark, released by Columbia Pictures, was the first major-studio black-and-white 3D feature and premiered two days before House of Wax.

In 1971, House of Wax was re-released to theaters in 3D with a full advertising campaign. Newly struck prints of the film in Chris Condon's single-strip StereoVision 3D format were used for this release. Another major re-release occurred during the 3D revival of the early 1980s. Warner Bros. released a loose remake of the film in 2005.

The Library of Congress later selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2014, deeming it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
In New York City during the early 1900s, Professor Henry Jarrod is a talented sculptor who runs a wax museum that features wax figures of historical figures that have met grisly demises. However, his business partner, Matthew Burke, is frustrated over Jarrod refusing to make more sensational exhibits, like those that draw crowds to their competitors, and wants to end their partnership. Wealthy art critic Sidney Wallace arrives to see the museum and indicates he may be interested in buying Burke out when he gets back from Egypt in three months. Growing impatient, Burke suggests burning down the museum to collect its twenty-five thousand dollar insurance money. To Jarrod's horror, Burke then starts a fire, which spreads rapidly, and the duo fight while Jarrod's work is destroyed. Burke gets the better of Jarrod and leaves him for dead as the building explodes.

With Jarrod presumed dead, Burke is able to get all of the insurance money for himself. A disfigured man in a cloak strangles him and stages the murder as an act of suicide, and a few weeks later the same man murders Burke's fiancée, Cathy Gray. Her unemployed roommate, Sue Allen, comes home and stumbles upon the murderer. After being briefly chased by him, Sue makes it to safety at the home of her friend, Scott Andrews. That night, the murderer steals Cathy's body from the local morgue.

Wallace receives a letter that indicates Jarrod had miraculously survived the fire, though he is now bound to a wheelchair and his hands are crippled, leaving him unable to sculpt. Jarrod gives Wallace a proposition to invest in his new wax museum, which will feature statues made by his assistants, deafmute Igor and alcoholic Leon Averill. He hopes to recreate his favorite pieces from his old museum, but will also concede to popular taste by including a chamber of horrors showcasing historical acts of violence, including Burke's apparent suicide.

Sue attends the grand opening of the museum with Scott and is troubled by how the Joan of Arc wax figure resembles Cathy. Jarrod overhears her and claims he based the figure on photos of Cathy he saw in the newspaper. He then hires Scott, who is a sculpting protégé of Wallace, as an assistant and asks Sue to model for a new Marie Antoinette wax figure, as she strongly resembles his earlier one. Believing Cathy's body was used to create the figure, Sue talks to Detective Lieutenant Tom Brennan. He agrees to investigate Jarrod and his museum, while Sergeant Jim Shane recognizes Averill as criminal Carl Hendricks, who is wanted for breaking parole. Averill is then taken in by Shane for being in possession of a pocketwatch belonging to a missing deputy city attorney, though he states that he found it.

The same night, Sue arrives at the museum after hours to meet with Scott, but Jarrod had sent him on an errand when he heard she was coming. Finding the place vacant, Sue’s suspicion is confirmed when she uncovers the horrifying truth that the wax figures are actually wax-coated corpses stolen from the morgue, including Burke and Cathy. She is then confronted by Jarrod, having feigned the disability that required the use of his wheelchair and wearing a wax-made mask to conceal his disfigured face that identifies him as the murderer, and is kidnapped by him, intending to use her body to recreate his long-lost Marie Antoinette wax figure.

The police, having learned about everything from a guilt-ridden Averill, race to the museum as Scott returns and battles Igor, who attempts to decapitate the former using a guillotine featured in one of the displays. Arriving just in time to apprehend Igor and save Scott, the police break into Jarrod's workshop. Jarrod attempts to fight them off, but he ultimately dies after being knocked into the workshop's vat of boiling wax and Sue is saved.

Cast

 * Vincent Price as Professor Henry Jarrod, a disfigured sculptor and the proprietor of the House of Wax
 * Frank Lovejoy as Detective Lieutenant Tom Brennan, a detective on the murder case involving the House of Wax
 * Phyllis Kirk as Sue Allen, Scott's friend who becomes suspicious of Jarrod's talent following the murder of Cathy
 * Kirk also portrays the likeness of Jarrod's long-lost wax figure of Marie Antoinette
 * Carolyn Jones as Cathy Gray, Sue's roommate
 * Jones also portrays the likeness of Jarrod's wax figure of Joan of Arc, which he would later recreate using Cathy's corpse
 * Paul Picerni as Scott Andrews, Sue's friend and a sculptor
 * Roy Roberts as Matthew Burke, Jarrod's scheming business partner
 * Angela Clarke as Scott's unnamed mother
 * Paul Cavanagh as Sidney Wallace, a wealthy art critic who invests in the House of Wax
 * Dabbs Greer as Sergeant Jim Shane, Tom's partner on the murder case involving the House of Wax
 * Charles Bronson (credited as Charles Buchinsky) as Igor, Jarrod's deaf-mute assistant
 * Reggie Rymal as a paddle ball-utilizing barker who is present at the grand opening of the House of Wax
 * Philip Tonge as Bruce Allison, Jarrod's friend who brings Wallace to the House of Wax (uncredited)
 * Ruth Warren as the scrubwoman who discovers Burke's corpse (uncredited)
 * Riza Royce as Ma Flannigan, who runs the rooming house at which Sue and Cathy rent a room (uncredited)
 * Frank Ferguson as the medical examiner (uncredited)
 * Grandon Rhodes as the autopsy surgeon (uncredited)
 * Eddie Parks as the senior morgue attendant (uncredited)
 * Jack Woody as the junior morgue attendant (uncredited)
 * Nedrick Young as Carl Hendricks alias Leon Averill, Jarrod's alcoholic ex-convict assistant (uncredited)
 * Mary Lou Holloway as Millie, a patron at the House of Wax (uncredited)
 * Shirley Whitney as one of Millie's friends (uncredited)
 * Joanne Brown as one of Millie's friends (uncredited)
 * Oliver Blake as the pompous patron with a pocketwatch at the House of Wax (uncredited)
 * Grace Lee Whitney (as Ruth Whitney) as a cancan dancer (uncredited)

Production
Filmed under the working title The Wax Works, House of Wax was Warner Bros.' answer to the surprise 3D hit Bwana Devil, an independent production that premiered in November 1952. Seeing promise in the future of 3D films, Warner Bros. contracted Julian and Milton Gunzburg's Natural Vision 3D system, the same one used for Bwana Devil, and decided to film a remake of their 1933 two-color Technicolor thriller Mystery of the Wax Museum, which was based on Charles S. Belden's three-act play The Wax Works. Although the entire newspaper angle of the earlier film was eliminated and Mystery was set in the year it was released, whereas House of Wax was set in circa 1902, the two films have many similarities in plot and dialogue.

Among the foregrounded uses of 3D in the film were scenes featuring fights, can-can girls, and a paddle ball-wielding barker. In what may be the film's cleverest and most startling 3D effect, the shadowy figure of one of the characters seems to spring up out of the theater audience and run into the screen. As director Andre de Toth was blind in one eye, he was unable to experience stereo vision or 3D effects. Vincent Price recalled: "It’s one of the great Hollywood stories. When they wanted a director for [a 3D] film, they hired a man who couldn’t see 3D at all! André de Toth was a very good director, but he may not have been suited to direct a 3D movie. He’d go to the rushes and say 'Why is everybody so excited about this?' It didn’t mean anything to him. But he made a good picture, a good thriller. He was largely responsible for the success of the picture. The 3D tricks just happened&mdash;there weren’t a lot of them. Later on, they threw everything at everybody." Some modern critics feel de Toth's inability to see depth is what makes the film superior since he was more concerned with telling a thrilling story and getting believable performances from the actors than simply tossing things at the camera.

Release
The film premiered in Los Angeles at the Paramount Theatre on April 16, 1953. It played at midnight with a number of celebrities in the audience, Broderick Crawford, Gracie Allen, Eddie Cantor, Rock Hudson, Judy Garland, Shelley Winters, and Ginger Rogers among them. Producer Alex Gordon, knowing actor Bela Lugosi was in dire need of cash, arranged for him to stand outside the theater wearing a cape and dark glasses and holding a leash with actor Steve Calvert in a gorilla suit on the end. Lugosi was interviewed by reporter Shirley Thomas, who thoroughly confused the aging star when she asked the prearranged questions out of order, and, embarrassed, he left without attending the screening. Footage of Lugosi in front of the theater appeared in a Pathé Newsreel released in theaters on April 27, 1953.

Topping the box office charts for five weeks and earning an estimated $5.5 million in rentals from the North American box office alone, the film was one of the biggest hits of 1953. It was originally available with a stereophonic three-track magnetic soundtrack to accompany its stereoscopic imagery, though many theaters were not equipped to make use of it and defaulted to the standard monophonic optical soundtrack. Previously, films with stereo sound were only produced to be shown in specialty cinemas, such as the Toldi in Budapest and the Telecinema in London. As of 2013, no copy of the original three-channel stereo soundtrack is known to exist, and only the monophonic soundtrack and a separate sound-effects-only track are believed to have survived, but a new stereo soundtrack has been synthesized from the available source material. The initial 3D screenings of the 88-minute film included an intermission, which was necessary to change the reels because each of the theater's two projectors was dedicated to one of the stereoscopic images.

Initial reception
Early reviews of the film were mostly mixed to negative. Variety was positive, writing: "This picture will knock 'em for a ghoul. Warners' House of Wax is the post-midcentury Jazz Singer. What the freres and Al Jolson did to sound, the Warners have repeated in third dimension." Harrison's Reports called the film "a first-class thriller of its kind", and "the best 3-D picture yet made", though the reviewer felt that "the added value of depth is not significant enough to warrant the annoyance of viewing the proceedings through the polaroid glasses, and that the picture would have been as much of a chiller if shown in the standard 2-D form, and probably even a greater thriller if shown on a wide screen." The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that, as a 3D film, it was "a smoother effort than its predecessors, obviously made with more care and less tiring to the eyes", but that, "[i]n all but technical respects, the film is a childish and inept piece of work."

Bosley Crowther of The New York Times found the film "disappointing", writing: "This picture, apart entirely from the fact that it is baldly, unbelievably antique in its melodramatic plot and style, shows little or no imagination in the use of stereoscopic images and nothing but loudness and confusion in the use of so-called stereoscopic sound. The impression we get is that its makers were simply and solely interested in getting a flashy sensation on the screen just as fast as they could." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote: "It's supposed to be a horror movie and it's horrible alright... The novelty has some appeal especially through its long shots into depths, but there is also a feeling of limitations once what novelty there passes. Then it is we go back to the gaga script devised by Crane Wilbur from a story which served one of the early talking films and one is inclined to shudderingly ask: Are we to go through all that again?" John McCarten of The New Yorker also hated the film, writing that he thought it had "set the movies back about forty-nine years. It could have set them back further if there had been anything earlier to set them back to", and concluding that "when Mr. Price started clumping around and choking ladies with knots that wouldn't pass muster at a Cub Scout meeting, I took off my glasses once and for all, put on my hat, and left."

Later reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 44 reviews and an average score of 7.5 out of 10. The site's "critics consensus" reads: "House of Wax is a 3-D horror delight that combines the atmospheric eerieness of the wax museum with the always chilling presence of Vincent Price."

Impact
House of Wax revitalized the film career of Vincent Price, who had been playing secondary character parts and occasional sympathetic leads since the late 1930s. After this high-profile role, he was in high-demand for the rest of his career to play fiendish villains, mad scientists, and other deranged characters in genre films such as The Tingler (1959), The Masque of the Red Death (1964), and The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971). Supporting actress Carolyn Jones, who had her first credited role in House of Wax, gained a much higher profile more than a decade later when she played Morticia Addams in the TV comedy horror spoof The Addams Family.

Home media
The film was released in 2D on DVD by Warner Home Video on August 5, 2003. This release included Mystery of the Wax Museum as a bonus. A 3D Blu-ray disc of the film was released in the U.S. on October 1, 2013, to celebrate its 60th anniversary. Like the earlier DVD, the Blu-ray includes Mystery of the Wax Museum as a bonus (in standard definition). A reissue of this format was released through the Warner Archive Collection on June 23, 2020.