Hu (ritual baton)



A  is a flat scepter originating from China, where they were originally used as narrow tablets for recording notes and orders. They were historically used by officials throughout East Asia, including Japan, Korea, Ryukyu, and Vietnam. They are known as in Japan, and are worn as part of the  ceremonial outfit. They continue to be used in Daoist and Shinto ritual contexts in some parts of East Asia.

Origin
The use of the originated in ancient China, where the Classic of Rites required a  to have a length of two  six, and its mid part a width of three  (笏長二尺六寸，中宽三寸). Originally, the was held by officials in court to record significant orders and instructions by the emperors. From the Jin dynasty onwards, following the increased proliferation of paper, the became a ceremonial instrument. In China, it was customary to hold the with the broad end down and the narrow end up.

The was originally used at court for the taking of notes and was usually made of bamboo. Officials could record speaking notes on the tablet ahead of the audience, and record the emperor's instructions during the audience. Likewise, the emperor could use one for notes during ceremonies.

The eventually became a ritual implement; it also became customary for officials to shield their mouths with their  when speaking to the emperor.

A can be made of different material according to the holder's rank: sovereigns used jade (similar to, but not the same as, the ceremonial jade sceptre,  ), nobles used ivory, and court officials used bamboo.



A is often seen in portraits of Chinese mandarins, but is now mostly used by Daoist priests. The Buddhist deity King Yama, judge of the underworld, is often depicted bearing a.

Use in China


During the Tang dynasty, court etiquette required officials to wear the in their belts when riding horses. The chancellor was provided with a rack, which was carried into the palace. After an audience, the could be left on the rack. Lesser officials had bags, which were held by their attendants. During the early Tang dynasty, Mandarins of the fifth rank or above used ivory, while those below used wooden ones. The rules were further elaborated later to require that mandarins of the third rank or above used which were curved at the front and straight at the back, while those of the fifth rank or above used  which were curved at the front and angled at the back. The used by lower rank mandarins were made of bamboo and were angled at the top and square at the bottom. In the Ming dynasty, Mandarins of the fourth rank or above used ivory, while those of the fifth rank or below used wooden ones.

The fell out of use in the Imperial Court system during the Qing dynasty. The greater ceremonial deference demanded by Qing emperors meant that officials had to greet the emperor by kowtowing, making it impractical to carry the to an audience.

In contemporary times, the is mostly used by as part of the traditional outfit of  during formal and ceremonial functions such as the performing of rites.

Use in Japan
The standard reading in Japanese for the character used to write is, but as this is also one of the readings for the character "bone" (骨), it is avoided and considered bad luck. The character's unusual pronunciation seems to derive from the fact the baton is approximately one (an old unit of measurement equivalent to 30.3 cm) in length.

A or teita (手板) is a baton or scepter about 35 cm long, held vertically in the right hand, and was traditionally part of a nobleman's formal attire (the . Today, the  is mostly used by Shinto priests during official and ceremonial functions, not only when wearing the  but when wearing other types of formal clothing such as the, the karaginu (狩衣) and the ikan (衣冠). The emperor's  is roughly square at both ends, whereas a retainer's is rounded at the top and square at the bottom. Both become progressively narrow towards the bottom. Oak is considered the best material for the , followed in order by holly, cherry, , and Japanese cedar.

The originally had a strip of paper attached to the back containing instructions and memoranda for the ceremony or event about to take place, but it later evolved into a purely ceremonial implement meant to add solemnity to rituals. According to the Taihō Code, a set of administrative laws implemented in the year 701, nobles of the fifth rank and above had to use an ivory, while those below that rank were to use oak, Japanese yew, holly, cherry, sakaki, Japanese cedar, or other woods. Ivory, however, was too hard to obtain, and the law was changed. The, a Japanese book of laws and regulations written in 927, permits to all the use of of unfinished wood, except when wearing special ceremonial clothes called reifuku (礼服). The Japanese is usually made of woods like Japanese yew, holly, cherry,, or Japanese cedar. The is often seen in portraits of the Japanese, emperors, nobleman, and Shinto priests.