IMAM Ro.37



The Meridionali Ro.37 Lince (Italian: "Lynx") was a two-seater Italian reconnaissance biplane, a product of the Industrie Meccaniche Aeronautiche Meridionali (IMAM) company. It appeared in 1934 and had a composite structure of wood and metal. The aeroplane first saw operational duty in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–1936) and Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), and during the Second World War it saw duty on almost all fronts, except for Russia and the English Channel. It followed the Ro.1 as the main reconnaissance aircraft for the Italian Army.

Design and development
A contest was held by the Regia Aeronautica for a light reconnaissance aircraft and a heavier aeroplane. The first was to have had 350 km/h (190 knots/220 mph) maximum speed, five hours endurance, three machine guns and a bomblets dispenser, armour, and the capability to operate from improvised airfields. The heavier aircraft was to have had 325 km/h maximum speed, at least 1300 km endurance, 7000 m ceiling, climb to 5000 m in 19 minutes, three crew, five weapons, a high wing and other details.

Limited production of the IMAM Ro.30, an improved Ro.1 with a defensive turret and better engine, resulted. It was rejected by the Regio Esercito and not chosen for production, being capable only of 200 km/h, five hours' endurance, climb to 4000 m in 20 minutes, and having three weapons.

IMAM did not give up after the modest success of the Ro.30 and so designed a new aircraft, the Ro.37, which first flew in 1933.

This was a biplane of mixed construction, with two seats, and a 560 hp Fiat A.30 R.A. V-12 engine. It reached 300 km/h and perhaps even more with this engine, the same as that of the Fiat CR.32. The Ro.37 had a 7000 m ceiling, 3000 m climb in 11 minutes, over 1,200 km range, carrying three machine guns (two in the nose and one dorsal), twelve 15 kg bombs, and good agility. It was similar to the Hawker Hind, rather than a light army aircraft, and its performance was similar to the later Westland Lysander and the contemporary Hawker Hector.

The Ro.37 was later fitted with the 600 hp Piaggio Stella P.IX R.C.40 radial engine. The better reliability of this engine was considered more desirable and so this was the main version produced.

Ro.45
The last of the classic biplanes made by IMAM was an enhanced Ro.37. The sole Ro.45 was first flown on 10 December 1935, but did not enter production.

Operational service
The Ro. 37 served as standard equipment in observation units for many years. However, during WWII, and particularly on the African front, the aeroplane was used in other roles, including tactical support and fighter duty. 103 Squadron was equipped in mid-1935 and swiftly employed in Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. In December 1935 this unit was sent to Italian Somaliland, and eventually another four squadrons went to this theatre: 105, 108, 109, and 110 Squadrons, for a total of ten Ro.37 and 41 Ro.37Bis. With the end of operations, 110 Squadron remained in the theatre, deployed in counterinsurgency tasks and serving as reinforcement for isolated garrisons. In the meantime, the Ro.37 also served in the Spanish Civil War, with the first ten arriving in late 1936. Another 26 (possibly 58) went to this theatre and were used for many missions and tasks. They were used as assault aircraft, even though they were unarmoured. The results were satisfactory and some were even converted to a single-seat machine for use as attack fighters. The two-seat versions were used as heavy fighters, providing protection for S.81 bombers from Republican I-15s. It is not known if there were any air-to-air victories.

The Ro.37 was generally liked by pilots, and the only complaint was that aircraft was prone to damage to the undercarriage, and had some engine faults.

The aircraft was produced until 1939 with a total of 569 (237 + 332bis) produced, and as late as 1940 there were provisions to have 17 Squadron equipped with this machine. In fact, the Ro.37 continued to be used as reconnaissance aircraft for years, since its replacement, the Caproni Ca.311, proved unsatisfactory.

Ro.37s were also quite widely exported (ten to Uruguay, 16 to Afghanistan, 14 to Hungary, eight to Austria, and one to Ecuador) and about 280 were in service in 1940, in thirty squadrons consisting of 215 aircraft.

Some were in service up to 1943 and perhaps even later. They were very vulnerable, but in World War II Italy did not have sufficient resources to produce a better observation aircraft, not even the IMAM Ro.63, a superior aircraft, similar to the Fieseler Fi 156 Storch, but with more endurance.

Variants

 * Ro.37:Reconnaissance biplane, powered by a 560 hp Fiat A.30 R.A. V-12.
 * Ro 37bis:Improved version, powered by Piaggio P.IX R.C.40 or Piaggio P.X R. radial engines.
 * IMAM Ro.43: reconnaissance floatplane for the Regia Marina.
 * Ro.44:single-seat fighter floatplane for the Regia Marina.
 * Ro 45:A revised Ro.37, powered by a 820 hp Isotta-Fraschini Asso XI R.C.40 engine. Maximum speed was boosted to 325 km/h, ceiling to 000 m and range to 2250 km. Designed for long-range reconnaissance and light bombing, the single prototype was 10.37 m long, with a 12.32 m span and first flew on 10 December 1935.

Operators

 * Kingdom of Afghanistan
 * Afghan Air Force
 * Austrian Air Force (1927-1938)
 * Ecuadorian Air Force
 * Hungarian Air Force
 * Kingdom of Italy
 * Regia Aeronautica
 * Aviazione Legionaria 36 aircraft
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * Spanish Air Force
 * Uruguayan Air Force
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * Spanish Air Force
 * Uruguayan Air Force
 * Uruguayan Air Force