Internationalism or Russification?

Internationalism or Russification? (Інтернаціоналізм чи русифікація?) is a book by Ukrainian writer and social activist Ivan Dziuba, written in September–December 1965.

Background
The immediate impetus for writing this work were political repressions that took place in Ukrainian SSR in 1965 against the Ukrainian intellectuals. In August and September 1965 in Kyiv, Lviv, Lutsk, Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil about three dozen of young Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested. On September 4 in Kyiv during the premiere of Sergei Parajanov's movie Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors poets Vasyl Stus and Ivan Dziuba called for protesting against political repression.

Content
In the work Internationalism or Russification?, written under the influence of those events, Dziuba analyzed from a Marxist position the national and cultural policy of the Soviet Union in Ukraine. The author sent his work to the first Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Petro Shelest, and to the head of the Ukrainian SSR government, Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, and its Russian translation — to the leadership of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).

In Internationalism or Russification? Dziuba argued that during Joseph Stalin's rule the CPSU had moved to the positions of Russian chauvinism. The author built his argumentation largely on quotations from the works of Vladimir Lenin and party documents of the 1920s. He believed that the Russification policy of the CPSU, particularly in Ukraine, is contradictory to the fundamental interests of the Ukrainian people and other ethnic minorities. He accordingly contended that the solution lay in returning to Lenin's principles of national policy and of Korenizatsiia.

Spread of the book
The work Internationalism or Russification? spread in the samizdat, and in 1968 it was published abroad by the journal publisher Suchasnist. Without permission and knowledge of the author the book was repeatedly issued outside of the Soviet Union in Ukrainian, English, Russian, Mandarin Chinese, French and Italian languages. In Ukraine, this work was legally published only in 1990 in the magazine Motherland (Вітчизна), and as a book it was first published in 1998.

Reaction of the Soviet government
The Soviet government declared Internationalism or Russification? to be an Anti-Soviet work, and its distribution, storage or even just reading to be a crime. Dziuba lost his job, he was expelled from the Writers' Union of Ukraine and faced harassment from the KGB, and in 1972 was jailed for 18 months.