Inyo County, California

Inyo County is a county in the eastern central part of the U.S. state of California, located between the Sierra Nevada and the state of Nevada. In the 2020 census, the population was 19,016. The county seat is Independence. Inyo County is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada and southeast of Yosemite National Park in Central California. It contains the Owens River Valley; it is flanked to the west by the Sierra Nevada and to the east by the White Mountains and the Inyo Mountains. With an area of 10,192 mi2, Inyo is the second-largest county by area in California, after San Bernardino County. Almost one-half of that area is within Death Valley National Park. However, with a population density of 1.8 people per square mile, it also has the second-lowest population density in California, after Alpine County.

History
Present-day Inyo county has been the historic homeland for thousands of years of the Mono, Timbisha, Kawaiisu, and Northern Paiute Native Americans. The descendants of these ancestors continue to live in their traditional homelands in the Owens River Valley and in Death Valley National Park. Worse, the portion north of the 37th parallel had been claimed by Nevada Territory (later the state of Nevada) as part of its westernmost border from 1861 to 1866.

Inyo County was formed in 1866 out of the territory of the unorganized Coso County, which had been created on April 4, 1864, from parts of Mono County and Tulare County. It acquired more territory from Mono County in 1870 and Kern County and San Bernardino County in 1872.

For many years it has been commonly believed that the county derived its name from the Mono tribe's name for the mountains in its former homeland. Actually the name came to be thought of, mistakenly, as the name of the mountains to the east of the Owens Valley when the first whites there asked the local Owens Valley Paiutes for the name of the mountains to the east. They responded that that was the land of Inyo. They meant by this that those lands belonged to the Timbisha tribe headed by a man whose name was Inyo. Inyo was the name of the headman of one of the Timbisha bands at the time of contact when the first whites, the Bennett-Arcane Party of 1849, wandered, lost, into Death Valley on their expedition to the gold fields of western California. The Owens Valley whites misunderstood the reference and thought that Inyo was the name of the mountains when actually it was the name of the chief, or headman, of the tribe that had those mountains as part of their homeland. In Timbisha, ɨnnɨyun means "it's (or he's) dangerous".

To supply the growing City of Los Angeles, water was diverted from the Owens River into the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913. The Owens River Valley cultures and environments changed substantially. From the 1910s to 1930s the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power purchased much of the valley for water rights and control. In 1941 the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power extended the Los Angeles Aqueduct system farther upriver into the Mono Basin.

Natural history
Inyo County is host to a number of natural superlatives. Among them are:
 * Mount Whitney, with an elevation of 14,505 ft, the highest point in the contiguous United States, the 12th highest peak in the U.S., and the 24th highest peak in North America.
 * Badwater Basin, in Death Valley, the lowest point in North America
 * Methuselah, an ancient Bristlecone pine tree and one of the oldest living trees on Earth
 * Owens Valley, the deepest valley on the American continents
 * Two mountain ranges exceeding 14000 ft in elevation: The Sierra Nevada and the White Mountains
 * Ten of California's twelve peaks which exceed 14,000 feet (a Fourteener) in elevation; the isolated Mount Shasta in northern California, and White Mountain Peak in neighboring Mono County, are the only California 14ers not (at least partly) in Inyo County
 * The largest escarpment in the United States, rising from the floor of Death Valley to the top of Telescope Peak in the Panamint Range



Geography
Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the contiguous United States, is on Inyo County's western border (with Tulare County). The Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park, the lowest place in North America, is in eastern Inyo County. The difference between the two points is about 14700 ft. They are not visible from each other, but both can be observed from the Panamint Range on the west side of Death Valley, above the Panamint Valley. Thus, Inyo County has the greatest elevation difference among all of the counties and county-equivalents in the contiguous United States.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 10227 sqmi, of which 10181 sqmi is land and 46 sqmi (0.5%) is water. It is the second-largest county by area in California and the ninth-largest in the United States (excluding boroughs and census areas in Alaska).

Lakes

 * Camp Lake
 * Cottonwood Lakes
 * Diaz Lake
 * Dingleberry Lake
 * Granite Lake
 * Inconsolable Lake
 * Loch Leven
 * Mills Lake
 * Pee Wee Lake
 * Robinson Lake
 * Rock Creek Lake
 * Lake Sabrina
 * Weir Lake
 * Wishbone Lake

National protected areas

 * Death Valley National Park (part)
 * Inyo National Forest (part)
 * Manzanar National Historic Site

There are 22 official wilderness areas in Inyo County that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. This is the second-largest number of any county, exceeded only by San Bernardino County's 35 wilderness areas. Most of these are managed solely by the Bureau of Land Management, but four are integral components of Death Valley National Park or Inyo National Forest and are thus managed by either the National Park Service or the Forest Service. Some of these wilderness areas also extend into neighboring counties.

Except as noted, the wilderness areas are managed solely by the Bureau of Land Management and lie entirely within Inyo County:


 * Argus Range Wilderness
 * Coso Range Wilderness
 * Darwin Falls Wilderness
 * Death Valley Wilderness (part)
 * Funeral Mountains Wilderness
 * Golden Trout Wilderness (part)
 * Ibex Wilderness
 * Inyo Mountains Wilderness (part)
 * John Muir Wilderness (part)
 * Malpais Mesa Wilderness
 * Manly Peak Wilderness
 * Nopah Range Wilderness
 * Owens Peak Wilderness (part)
 * Pahrump Valley Wilderness (part)
 * Piper Mountain Wilderness
 * Resting Spring Range Wilderness
 * Sacatar Trail Wilderness (part)
 * Saddle Peak Hills Wilderness (part)
 * South Nopah Range Wilderness
 * South Sierra Wilderness (part)
 * Surprise Canyon Wilderness
 * Sylvania Mountains Wilderness

Death Valley National Park
Death Valley National Park is a mostly arid United States National Park east of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in southern Inyo County and northern San Bernardino County in California, with a small extension into southwestern Nye County and extreme southern Esmeralda County in Nevada. In addition, there is an exclave (Devil's Hole) in southern Nye County. The park covers 5262 sqmi, encompassing Saline Valley, a large part of Panamint Valley, almost all of Death Valley, and parts of several mountain ranges. Death Valley National Monument was proclaimed in 1933, placing the area under federal protection. In 1994, the monument was redesignated a national park, as well as being substantially expanded to include Saline and Eureka Valleys.

It is the hottest and driest of the national parks in the United States. It also features the second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere and the lowest point in North America at the Badwater Basin, which is 282 ft below sea level. It is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment. Some examples include Creosote Bush, Bighorn Sheep, Coyote, and the Death Valley Pupfish, a survivor of much wetter times. Approximately 95% of the park is designated as wilderness. Death Valley National Park is visited annually by more than 770,000 visitors who come to enjoy its diverse geologic features, desert wildlife, historic sites, scenery, clear night skies, and the solitude of the extreme desert environment.

Other parks

 * Alabama Hills Recreation Area
 * Last Chance Meadow Research Natural Area
 * California Bighorn Sheep Zoological Area

2020 census
''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.''

2010 Census
The 2010 United States Census reported that Inyo County had a population of 18,546. The racial makeup of Inyo County was 13,741 (74.1%) White, 109 (0.6%) African American, 2,121 (11.4%) Native American, 243 (1.3%) Asian, 16 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 1,676 (9.0%) from other races, and 640 (3.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3,597 persons (19.4%).

2000
At the 2000 census, there were 17,945 people, 7,703 households and 4,937 families residing in the county. The population density was 2 /mi2. There were 9,042 housing units at an average density of 1 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 80.1% White, 0.2% Black or African American, 10.0% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 4.6% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. 12.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 16.4% were of German, 12.2% English, 10.6% Irish and 5.0% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 89.2% spoke English and 9.3% Spanish as their first language.

There were 7,703 households, of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 31.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.88.

24.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males.

The median household income was $35,006 and the median family income was $44,970. Males had a median income of $37,270 versus $25,549 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,639. About 9.3% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.0% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.

Overview
Inyo has historically been a strongly Republican county in Presidential and congressional elections. From 1944 to 2016, the only Democrat to win the county (and the last to win a majority of its vote) was Lyndon Johnson in 1964. However, the county shifted decisively leftward in 2020, narrowly supporting Joe Biden over Donald Trump. As a result, it became one of only two counties that previously voted for Trump by double digits in 2016 to flip to the Democrats, the other being Talbot County, Maryland. Inyo is still a reliably Republican county down-ballot; it most recently voted Republican in all statewide races held in 2022.

In the California State Legislature, Inyo County is in, and.

The county is in.

On November 4, 2008, Inyo County voted 60.6% for Proposition 8 which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriages.

The county was home to Manzanar Internment Camp, where Japanese Americans were interned during World War II. Although the county was typically Democrat before World War II, in the decades since Japanese internment the county has been solidly Republican, only voting for Lyndon Johnson (who signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964) and Joe Biden (who ran on a ticket with Kamala Harris, the first Asian American to be part of a major party ticket).

Crime
The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense.

County Sheriffs
Stephanie J. Rennie (Jan 3, 2023 - Current)
 * W. A. Greenly (Mar 22, 1866- November 7, 1867)
 * William A. Moore (Nov 7, 1867- November 7, 1875)
 * Thomas Passmore (Nov 7, 1875- February 10, 1878)- Killed On Duty
 * William A. Moore (Feb 10, 1878- July 4, 1879) - Killed On Duty
 * Stephen G. Gregg (Jul 4, 1879- November 7, 1888)
 * Fred Charles Scott (Nov 7, 1888- November 7, 1896)
 * Charles Albert Collins ( Nov 7, 1896- November 7, 1916)
 * Boone Newett (Nov 7, 1916- November 7, 1918)
 * Frank Logan (Nov 7, 1918- November 7, 1924)
 * Charles Albert Collins (7 Nov 1924-7 Nov 1926)
 * Tom Hutchinson (Nov 7, 1926- November 7, 1934)
 * Emmett L. Shay (Nov 7, 1934- November 7, 1942)
 * Charles P. Cline (Nov 7, 1942- November 7, 1954)
 * Merrill Howard (Nov 7, 1954- November 7, 1960)
 * Merrill Franklin Culbertson (Nov 7, 1960- November 7, 1962)
 * Merrill L. Curtis (Nov 7, 1962- November 7, 1970)
 * Floyd Barton (Nov 7, 1970- November 7, 1982)
 * Floyd Tidwell (Nov 7, 1982- November 7, 1984)
 * Don Dorsey (Nov 7, 1984- November 7, 1996)
 * Dan Lucas ( Nov 7, 1996- November 7, 2006)
 * William R. "Bill " Lutze (7 Nov 2006–2018)

Education
School districts in Inyo County are:
 * Big Pine Unified School District
 * Bishop Unified School District
 * Bishop Union High School District
 * Bishop Union Elementary School District
 * Death Valley Unified School District
 * Lone Pine Unified School District
 * Owens Valley Unified School District
 * Round Valley School District

Deep Springs College is a two-year alternative education college in Deep Springs Valley.

Higher education in Inyo County is provided by the Kern Community College District.

Notable locations

 * Mushroom Rock
 * Mount Whitney
 * Death Valley National Park
 * Badwater Basin
 * Lake Manly
 * Furnace Creek, California (Hottest air temperature ever recorded here in 1913 at 134.6 °F. In July 1972, a ground temperature of 201 °F was measured in Furnace Creek. This may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded.)

Transportation


In the 1920s, automobile clubs and nearby towns started to lobby for trans-Sierra highways over Piute Pass and other locations. However, by end of the 1920s, the Forest Service and the Sierra Club decided that roadless wilderness in the Sierra was valuable, and fought the proposal. The Piute Pass proposal faded out by the early 1930s, with the Forest Service proposing a route over Minaret Summit in 1933. The Minaret Summit route was lobbied against by California's Governor Ronald Reagan in 1972. The expansion of the John Muir and Ansel Adams Wildernesses in the 1980s sealed off the Minaret Summit route.

A trans-Sierra route between Porterville and Lone Pine was proposed by local businessmen in 1923. Eventually, a circuitous route across the Sierra was built across the only trans-Sierra route south of Yosemite: Sherman Pass by 1976. That route is Forest Route 22S05 to the west, and Kennedy Meadow Road (County Route J41) and 9-Mile Canyon Road to the east.

Major highways

 * US 6 (1961 cutout).svg U.S. Route 6
 * US 395 (1961 cutout).svg U.S. Route 395
 * California 127.svg State Route 127
 * California 136.svg State Route 136
 * California 168.svg State Route 168
 * California 178.svg State Route 178
 * California 190.svg State Route 190

Public transportation
Eastern Sierra Transit Authority operates intercity bus service along US 395, as well as local services in Bishop. Service extends south to Lancaster (Los Angeles County) and north to Reno, Nevada.

Airports
Bishop Airport, Independence Airport, Lone Pine Airport and Shoshone Airport are general aviation airports located near their respective cities. Stovepipe Wells Airport and Furnace Creek Airport are located in Death Valley National Park.

Cities

 * Bishop

Census-designated places

 * Big Pine
 * Cartago
 * Charleston View
 * Darwin
 * Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek
 * Furnace Creek
 * Homewood Canyon
 * Independence (county seat)
 * Keeler
 * Lone Pine
 * Mesa
 * Olancha
 * Pearsonville
 * Round Valley
 * Shoshone
 * Tecopa
 * Trona
 * Valley Wells
 * West Bishop
 * Wilkerson

Other unincorporated communities
Source:


 * Alabama Hills
 * Charleston
 * Chicago Valley
 * Coso Junction
 * Death Valley Junction
 * Deep Springs
 * Dunmovin
 * Haiwee
 * Laws
 * Panamint Springs
 * Sandy Valley
 * Stewart Valley

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Inyo County.

† county seat