Italian destroyer Nembo (1901)

Nembo ("Nimbus") was the lead ship of the Italian Nembo-class destroyer destroyers. Commissioned into service in the Italian Regia Marina ("Royal Navy") in 1902, she served in the Italo-Turkish War and World War I. She was sunk during the latter conflict in October 1916.

Construction, commissioning, and modernization
Nembo was laid down at the Cantiere Pattison (Pattison Shipyard) in Naples, Italy, on 6 August 1899. She was launched on 18 May 1901 and completed on 26 June 1902. She was commissioned in June 1902. Nembo, like her sister ship, ITALIAN DESTROYER Turbine, had her armament modified in 1905, each having her Cannon 76/40 (3 in) Model 1916 gun removed and two additional 356 mm torpedo tubes installed, giving them the same armament as that of the following three Nembo-class ships.

At various times between 1909 and 1912, each of the Nembo-class destroyers underwent a radical modernization; Nembo′s took place in 1909. Her coal-fired boilers were converted into oil-fired ones, and her original two short, squat funnels were replaced with three smaller, more streamlined ones, profoundly altering her appearance. Her armament also changed, with her original five QF 6 pounder Nordenfelt 57 mm/43 guns replaced by four Cannon 76/40 (3 in) Model 1916 guns, and her original four 356 mm torpedo tubes replaced by four 450 mm tubes. In 1914–1916 Nembo underwent additional modifications, receiving equipment that allowed her to lay 10 to 16 mines.

Italo-Turkish War
The Italo-Turkish War began on 29 September 1911 with the Kingdom of Italy′s declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire. Nembo was assigned at the time to the 2nd Squadron's 4th Division along with her sister ships ITALIAN DESTROYER Aquilone, ITALIAN DESTROYER Borea, and ITALIAN DESTROYER Turbine. On 17 April 1912 she suffered damage in a collision with Turbine, but not enough to prevent her from joining Turbine, the armored cruisers ITALIAN CRUISER Francesco Ferruccio, ITALIAN CRUISER Giuseppe Garibaldi, ITALIAN CRUISER Varese, and ITALIAN CRUISER Vettor Pisani, the torpedo cruiser ITALIAN CRUISER Coatit, and the torpedo boats ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Climene, ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Pegaso, ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Perseo, and ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Procione in a bombardment of the Ottoman forts of Gum-Galesch and Sed Ul Bahr in the Dardanelles on 18 April 1912. On 4 May 1912, Nembo and Aquilone occupied the island of Lipsos in the Dodecanese in the Aegean Sea.

At 04:00 on 14 July 1912, Nembo got underway from Stampalia in the Dodecanese with Borea and Vettor Pisani to provide support to the torpedo boats ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Astore, ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Centauro, Climene, Perseo, and ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Spica as they conducted a reconnaissance of the Dardanelles. The ships first steamed to the Italian-occupied island of Leros in the southern Aegean Sea, where the torpedo boats were prepared for the incursion. They then proceeded to Strati (also known as Bozaba), where they arrived on 17 July 1912 and the officer who would command the torpedo boats during the operation joined the force. Delayed by bad weather, the force left Strati on the afternoon of 18 July bound for the Dardanelles. While Nembo, Vettor Pisani, and Borea remained off the coast out of sight of land, the torpedo boats penetrated the Dardanelles, noting the location of Ottoman ships and the defenses of the strait. Suffering only slight damage and no casualties, the torpedo boats returned to Vettor Pisani during the predawn hours of 19 July 1912. The war ended on 18 October 1912 in an Italian victory.

1915–1916
World War I broke out in 1914, and the Italy entered the war on the side of the Allies with its declaration of war on Austria-Hungary on 23 May 1915. At the time, Nembo, under the command of Capitano di fregata (Frigate Captain) Sorrentino, as well as Aquilone, Borea, Turbine, and their sister ship ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero made up the 5th Destroyer Squadron, based at Taranto.

On 23 June 1916 Nembo and the French Navy destroyer FRENCH DESTROYER Casque, later joined by the French destroyer FRENCH DESTROYER Protet and four Italian torpedo boats, took part in rescuing the survivors of the Italian auxiliary cruiser ITALIAN CRUISER Città di Messina and the French destroyer FRENCH DESTROYER Fourche, torpedoed and sunk by the Austro-Hungarian Navy submarine SMU U-15 (Austria-Hungary) while on a reconnaissance cruise in the Strait of Otranto. Rescuers saved 302 of the 335 men who had been aboard Città di Messina and 66 of the 85 men who had been aboard Fourche.

In October 1916 Nembo, Borea, the destroyers ITALIAN DESTROYER Ascaro and ITALIAN DESTROYER Garibaldino, and four torpedo boats provided protection and support to a landing force consisting of Francesco Ferruccio and the steamers Ausonia, SS Bulgaria (Italian steamer), SS Choising, and SS Polcevera sent to occupy Sarandë (known to the Italians as Santi Quaranta), in the Principality of Albania. At 05:15 on 2 October 1916, four platoons of sailors, a unit of miners, and a unit of personnel from Francesco Ferruccio landed on the beach and quickly occupied the area, the 32 members of the Greek garrison at Sarandë having no option other than to retreat after protesting the Italian operation. After disembarking an infantry battalion and a cavalry squadron, the steamers departed at 16:00 on 2 October for Vlorë (known to the Italians as Valona), Albania, where they embarked more troops. On 3 October, Ausonia and Polcevera landed a pack artillery battery and a second cavalry squadron, and on 4 October the operation was completed when Bulgaria and Choising put another infantry battalion and a third cavalry squadron ashore.

Loss
On 16 October 1916 Nembo, under the command of Capitano di corvetta (Corvette Captain) Russo, left Vlorë to escort the steamer SS Bormida, which was bound for Sarandë with troops on board. On 17 October, between Vlorë and Sazan (known to the Italians as Saseno) the Austro-Hungarian submarine SMU U-16 (Austria-Hungary) attacked the convoy, hitting Nembo with two torpedoes. Nembo broke in two and sank quickly at 40.13333°N, 19.5°W. U-16 also sank during the clash, although how and why she sank is unclear: According to some sources Nembo rammed U-16 before sinking, while other sources claim that Nembo′s depth charges sank U-16 when they exploded after falling overboard while Nembo sank. Still other sources claim that U-16 sank after colliding with Bormida.

Of Nembo′s 55-man crew, 32 died in the sinking, including Russo, the executive officer, the chief engineer, and another engineering officer. Twenty-three men survived, either rescued by Italian ships or swimming to the Albanian coast. Among U-16′s crew, two men died and 14 survived. Of the Italians who survived by swimming to shore, four refused rescue by a lifeboat manned by U-16′s survivors so as to avoid being taken prisoner. After reaching the coast, they contributed to the capture of the Austro-Hungarians in the lifeboat, who were taken prisoner by Italian ships.