Italian destroyer Zeffiro (1927)

Zeffiro was one of eight Turbine-class destroyer built for the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) during the 1920s. She was named after a westerly wind, Zeffiro, common in summer in the Mediterranean. The ship played a minor role in the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1937, supporting the Nationalists.

Design and description
The Turbine-class destroyers were enlarged and improved versions of the preceding Sauro-class destroyer. They had an overall length of 93.2 m, a beam of 9.2 m and a mean draft of 3 m. They displaced 1090 t at standard load, and 1700 t at deep load. Their complement was 12 officers and 167 enlisted men.

The Turbines were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam supplied by three Thornycroft boilers. The turbines were rated at 40000 shp for a speed of 33 kn in service, although Zeffiro's sister ships reached speeds over 36 kn during their sea trials while lightly loaded. They carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of 3200 nmi at a speed of 14 kn.

Their main battery consisted of four 120 mm guns in two twin-gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure. Anti-aircraft (AA) defense for the Turbine-class ships was provided by a pair of 40 mm AA guns in single mounts amidships and a twin-gun mount for 13.2 mm machine guns. They were equipped with six 533 mm torpedo tubes in two triple mounts amidships. The Turbines could carry 52 mines.

Construction and career
Zeffiro was laid down by Gio. Ansaldo & C. at their Genoa-Sestri Ponente shipyard on 29 April 1925, launched on 27 May 1927 and completed on 15 May 1928. Upon her completion Zeffiro, together with ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero, ITALIAN DESTROYER Ostro and ITALIAN DESTROYER Borea, was assigned to the 1st Squadron of the I Destroyer Flotilla based at La Spezia. Between 1929 and 1932 she carried out several training cruises in the Mediterranean. In 1932 during the training exercises she was hit by a defective torpedo launched by ITALIAN DESTROYER Aquilone. In 1931 Zeffiro together with ITALIAN DESTROYER Euro, ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero and  ITALIAN DESTROYER Nembo as well as old cruiser ITALIAN CRUISER Ancona were part of II Naval Division. In 1934 after another reorganization Zeffiro as well as ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero, ITALIAN DESTROYER Ostro and ITALIAN DESTROYER Borea were again reunited, now forming the 4th Destroyer Squadron, part of II Naval Division.

Spanish Civil War
After the Civil War started in Spain in July 1936, both Italy and Nazi Germany supported the Nationalists of General Franco, whereas Soviet Union was actively supporting the Republicans. During the first year of the war, the Soviets used the Republican controlled ports of Bilbao and Santander in the North of Spain adjacent to the French border, but after their fall in the summer of 1937, the USSR was forced to use ports in the Mediterranean to continue supplying the Republicans. Both Italy and Germany deployed their submarines in the Mediterranean in early 1937 to interdict with Republican shipping, but without much success. On 3 August 1937 Franco made an urgent plea with Mussolini to use the Italian fleet to prevent the passage of a large Soviet transport convoy, which just departed from Odessa. Originally, only submarines were supposed to be used, but Mussolini was convinced by Franco to use Italian surface ships too against the Soviets. The Italian blockade was put into effect immediately, with two light cruisers, ITALIAN CRUISER Armando Diaz and ITALIAN CRUISER Luigi Cadorna, eight torpedo boats and eight destroyers, including Zeffiro, being deployed in and around the Strait of Sicily and Strait of Messina. Zeffiro participated in several patrols, which normally lasted three days, often paired with her sister ITALIAN DESTROYER Euro, but none of her missions were successful.

In September 1937 the Nyon Conference was called by France and Great Britain to address the "underwater piracy" conducted against merchant traffic in the Mediterranean. On 14 September an agreement was signed establishing British and French patrol zones around Spain (with a total of 60 destroyers and airforce employed) to counteract aggressive behavior by submarines. Italy was not directly accused, but had to comply with the agreement and suspend the maritime operations.

World War II
At the time of the Italian entrance into World War II on 10 June 1940, Zeffiro together with sister ships ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero, ITALIAN DESTROYER Ostro and ITALIAN DESTROYER Borea formed 2nd Destroyer Squadron based at Taranto.

On 27 June 1940 Zeffiro sailed from Taranto at 22:45 for the first war mission, along with ITALIAN DESTROYER Ostro and the squadron leader ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero (commanded by captain Enrico Baroni). The three vessels were to transport to Tobruk two anti-aircraft batteries (10 Breda Model 35 cannons in all), 120 ST of ammunition (450,000 rounds) and 162 members of the Voluntary Militia for Territorial Security.

On 28 June 1940 at 12:10, about 50 mi west of Zakynthos, the convoy was sighted by a British reconnaissance Short Sunderland plane. As they were within striking range of the British 7th Cruiser Squadron, composed of light cruisers HMS Liverpool (C11), HMS Orion (85), HMS Neptune (20), HMS Gloucester (62) and HMAS Sydney (D48), Admiral John Tovey ordered them to intercept the Italians. The Italian column was sighted by the Allied ships around 18:30, about 100 miles north of Tobruk, and at 18:36 HMS Liverpool (C11) opened fire from 22000 yd at the surprised Italian flotilla. At 18:59 HMS Orion (85) also opened fire from 18000 yd. The Italian destroyers were theoretically faster than the British cruisers, but due to their age and heavy cargo on board their speed advantage was nullified. In addition, ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero's third boiler turned out to be defective, limiting the destroyer's speed to just 25 kn. Captain Baroni, therefore, decided to sacrifice his ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero in order to cover the escape of Zeffiro and ITALIAN DESTROYER Ostro, and ordered them to disengage and sail for Benghazi at full speed. ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero laid smokescreens and conducted evasive maneuvers, engaging HMS Liverpool (C11)'s division with guns, and simultaneously firing three torpedoes at HMS Orion (85). While HMS Liverpool (C11) and HMS Gloucester (62) took on ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero, the other three cruisers tried to get around the smokescreens to attack the fleeing ITALIAN DESTROYER Ostro and Zeffiro, but were ordered to abandon their pursuit and concentrate on ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero instead. Due to zigzagging ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero managed to avoid being hit, but by 19:20 the range between her and HMS Liverpool (C11) had shortened to 14000 yd. In fact, Italians drew first blood, when a single Italian 4.7 in shell hit HMS Liverpool (C11) just 3 ft above the waterline, with splinters penetrating the warheads of two torpedoes, but caused little damage otherwise. Despite heavy firing, ITALIAN DESTROYER Espero was not hit until 20:00, when her engine rooms were struck bringing the vessel to a stop. The 7th Squadron expended about 5,000 shells, more than 1,600 of main caliber, before the Italian destroyer was sunk, after 130 minutes of fierce fighting. HMAS Sydney (D48) rescued 47 out of 225 men from the Italian destroyer, and thirty six more escaped on rafts, but only six of them were later found alive by Italian submarine ITALIAN SUBMARINE Topazio almost 20 days later. Captain Baroni died aboard his ship, and was posthumously awarded the Medaglia d´oro al valor militare.

On the morning of 29 June 1940 ITALIAN DESTROYER Ostro and Zeffiro arrived in Benghazi before proceeding to Tobruk where they arrived on July 1.

Another Italian convoy sailed to Tobruk on 30 June 1940 from Augusta carrying troops, supplies, ammunition and fuel. The convoy consisted of six cargo and passenger ships and was escorted by 6 destroyers and 4 torpedo boats. The Royal Navy failed to intercept this convoy, in large part due to the large ammunition expenditure in their previous confrontation. On 5 July 1940 there were seven Turbine-class destroyers berthed in Tobruk harbor together with four torpedo boats, six freighters and several auxiliary vessels. Between 10:00 to 11:15 a Short Sunderland reconnaissance plane overflew the harbor at an altitude of 1,500-2,000 meters and despite the anti-aircraft fire opened against it, confirmed the presence of numerous ships in the harbor. In the late afternoon a group of nine Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers of 813 Naval Air Squadron took off from the airfield in Sidi Barrani and headed towards Tobruk. The air alarm was sounded at 20:06 but the Italians failed to detect the Allied aircraft until they were already over the harbor at 20:20. Destroyers had most of their personnel on board steamers Liguria and Sabbia with exception of dedicated air defense crews. The attack commenced a few minutes later, and lasted only seven minutes and resulted in five Italian ships being sunk or damaged. Not encountering any aerial opposition, British torpedo bombers attacked from low altitude (around 100 feet), and released their torpedoes from 400–500 meters away, almost point-blank. Zeffiro was attacked first by a plane piloted by Nicholas Kennedy, whose torpedo hit Zeffiro in the bow, around the ammunition depot, between the bridge and a 120 mm cannon. The explosion broke the ship into two and sank it half an hour later. Freighter SS Manzoni was also hit, capsized and sank, while ITALIAN DESTROYER Euro and steamer SS Serenitas were hit, and had to be beached, and the ocean liner SS Liguria was hit and damaged. Two planes also attacked other destroyers, but failed to launch their torpedoes due to intense anti-aircraft fire. The air alarm was canceled at 21:31, and by that time all nine British planes were far away.

There were 21 casualties among Zeffiro's crew, 10 killed and 11 missing, and 20 wounded.