Józef Hecht

Józef Hecht (14 December 1891 – 19 June 1951), also known as Joseph Hecht, was a printmaker and painter. Born and educated in Poland, he made Paris his base from 1920. Trained in classical engraving techniques, Hecht was a founder of "Atelier 17", and had a profound influence on 20th-century printmakers.

Career
Born in Łódź, Poland, in 1891, Hecht studied at the Art Academy of Kraków from 1909 to 1914. On completion of his studies in Kraków, Hecht visited museums throughout Europe. The outbreak of World War I found him in Berlin. Due to the fact that he had done his studies in the Austrian zone in Poland and thanks to prizes obtained at the Académie des Beaux-Arts, Hecht was given the option of going to neutral Norway, where he lived from 1914 to 1919.

Immediately following the armistice, Hecht traveled to Italy; and two years later to Paris, where he maintained his studio until his death. At this time Hecht became a member of the Salon d'Automne, thereby gaining an entrée into the Parisian art world and a chance to exhibit his work on a regular basis. At his Paris studio, he taught burin-engraving - the classic copper-engraving technique - to many artists, including British surrealist painter and printmaker Stanley William Hayter, South African-born British painter and printmaker Dolf Rieser.

The year 1926 was a turning point in Hecht's career and heralded the most successful period of his life. He published his first suite of six prints, l'Arche de Noë, which included a preface by the French symbolist Gustave Kahn and was exhibited in December that year at the Paris gallery Le nouvel essor. Hecht's future collaborator, mystical narrator André Suarès, wrote a laudatory catalogue article. The images that Hecht developed at this time found renewed vigor in 1928 when Suarès and Hecht collaborated on the folio, Atlas. In Atlas Hecht began to re-combine images and forms he had previously studied—a working method that he refined throughout his life.

In 1927 Hecht's encouragement of Hayter's printmaking activities led to the establishment of Atelier 17, a cooperative printmaking studio, which endures to this day in Paris as Atelier Contrepoint. The "Atelier" influenced artists Pablo Picasso, Marc Chagall, Alberto Giacometti and others.

In 1929 Hecht became a founding member of the group, La Jeune Gravure Contemporaine, which staged annual group shows and was influential in keeping the spirit of printmaking alive. Hecht also associated with members of Les Peintres-Graveurs Indépendants, founded in 1923 by J. E. Laboureur and Raoul Dufy. It is doubtful that Hecht knew each member of these groups, but it is probable that he was familiar with their work and they with his, and that this provided an opportunity for the exchange of techniques, subjects, and ideas. Hecht was an intermediary between the avant-garde artists of Atelier 17 and more traditional printmakers.

Between 1926 and 1938 Hecht's engravings were published in various collections (see Chronology), his work was widely shown, and it gained critical acclaim. Hecht won two gold medals at the 1937 Paris World's Fair.

Later career and death
Of Jewish descent, Hecht left Paris before the start of World War II to live in the Savoy region near the Swiss-Italian border, where he worked as an agricultural laborer.

After the war Hecht returned to Paris. Hayter, who had moved Atelier 17 to New York City for the duration of the war, returned to Paris and found his old friend in poor health and out of work. To encourage Hecht to take up engraving again, Hayter brought a large copper plate to Hecht's studio and began working on it. Hecht could not resist, and together they produced the collaborative print, "La Noyee". With renewed enthusiasm, Hecht began producing numerous engravings, while also developing new methods for printing in relief.

Hecht died of a heart attack in his Paris studio on 19 June 1951.

Chronology
1891	Born on 14 December in Lodz, Poland. 1909	Enters the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Kraków, Poland. 1914	Graduates from the Académie des Beaux-Arts. Following graduation, travels in Europe, visiting museums, spends a brief period studying in Berlin, then goes to Norway at the outbreak of World War I. 1917	Exhibition at Christiania, Norway. 1918	Exhibitions in Oslo and Bergen, Norway. 1919	Travels to Italy. 1920	Moves to Paris. Becomes a member of the Salon d'Automne and begins to exhibit with them. 1921	Begins to exhibit at the Salon des Indépendents. Exhibition at Washington, D.C. 1923	Exhibitions in Philadelphia, at the Salon des Tuileries and the Galerie Le Nouvel Essor, Paris. 1926	Publishes l'Arche de Noë, a suite of six engravings with a preface by Gustave Kahn; l'Eubage aux Antipodes de l'Unité, five engravings with prose by Blaise Cendrars. Exhibitions at Galere Berthe Weil, Paris, and at Galerie Le Nouvel Essor, Paris. Meets Stanley William Hayter. 1927	Helps Hayter establish Atelier 17, Paris. Writes an unpublished treatise on engraving. 1928	Publishes Atlas, a suite of six engravings with a poem by André Suarès. Exhibitions in The Wanamaker Galleries, New York, and at Lodz, Poland. 1929	Publishes Croquis d'Animaux, ten engravings. Exhibition at Gallery Georges, London. Founding member of La Jeune Gravure Contemporaine. 1930	Exhibition at Galerie Berthe Weil, Paris. 1931 	Exhibition of La Jeune Gravure Contemporaine. 1932 	Exhibition of La Jeune Gravure Contemporaine. 1933 	Publishes Paris, a suite of eleven engravings. Exhibition of La Jeune Gravure Contemporaine. Exhibition in San Francisco. 1934	Exhibition of La Jeune Gravure Contemporaine. 1935 	Exhibition of La Jeune Gravure Contemporaine. 1936 	Exhibition of La Jeune Gravure Contemporaine. 1937 	Wins two gold medals at the International Exposition, Paris. 1938 	Publishes Nouveaux Croquis d'Animaux, ten engravings. Begins work on London suite while visiting his sisters. Exhibitions in Johannesburg and Pretoria, South Africa. 1939 	Exhibits in group show at Petit-Palais, Paris. 1941	Exhibition in Paris. 1941–1945 Works as an agricultural laborer in the Savoy region of France. Without access to a press, all work takes the form of drawings or paintings. 1944 	Exhibition at Galerie Denise René, Paris. 1946 	Resumes printmaking at the urging of Hayter. 1949 	Invents a new relief printing process. 1950 	Publishes Quelques Aventures de Maitre Renart, with engravings. 1951 	Dies of a heart attack in his studio in Paris, 19 June. Posthumous Exhibitions 1952 La Jeune Gravure Contemporaine, Paris. 1959 Bazalel Museum, Jerusalem. 1966 Galerie Berie, Paris. 1968 Municipal Library, Mulhouse, France. 1969 Lumley Cazalet, Gallery, London. 1985 Dolan/Maxell Gallery, Philadelphia. 1998 Arsène Bonafous-Murat, Paris.

Public Collections
Bibliothèque Doucet; Bibliothèque Nationale; British Museum; Brooklyn Museum; Cabinet d' Amsterdam; Caterby Jones Collection; Chalcographie du Louvre; Cincinnati Museum of Art; Delft Museum; Hague Museum; Leeds Museum; Leyde Museum; Library of Congress; Metropolitan Museum of Art; Musée d'Amiens; Musée des Ars Décoratifs, Paris; Musée de Belfort; Musée Carnavalet; Musée de Céret; Museum of Copenhagen; Musée du Luxembourg; Musée de Montpelier; Musée de Mulhouse; Musée de Nantes; Musée du Petit-Palais; Museum of Tel-Aviv; National Gallery of Art, Washington; New York Public Library; Philadelphia Museum of Art; University of Warsaw; Victoria and Albert Museum.