JEL classification codes

Articles in economics journals are usually classified according to JEL classification codes, which derive from the Journal of Economic Literature. The JEL is published quarterly by the American Economic Association (AEA) and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations. The AEA maintains EconLit, a searchable data base of citations for articles, books, reviews, dissertations, and working papers classified by JEL codes for the years from 1969. A recent addition to EconLit is indexing of economics journal articles from 1886 to 1968 parallel to the print series Index of Economic Articles.

Structure
There are 26 primary JEL categories:

Each JEL primary category has secondary and tertiary subcategories, for example, under JEL: D – Microeconomics:
 * JEL Subcategories:
 * JEL: D1 – Household Behavior and Family Economics
 * JEL: D11 – Consumer Economics: Theory

JEL code (sub)categories, including periodic updates, are referenced at Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) Classification System. Links to definitions of (sub)categories are at JEL Classification Codes Guide with corresponding examples of article titles linked to publication information, such as abstracts.

Purpose
Articles in economics journals also list JEL codes (for example JEL: B12), facilitating their use across search engines. Comprehensive uses of JEL (sub)classifications include:
 * • The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2008, v. 8, Appendix IV, pp. 854–69, and for the online version by drilling to the primary, secondary, or tertiary JEL code of interest here and pressing the Search button below it for article-preview links.
 * • National Bureau of Economic Research Working Papers abstracts by year via links
 * • Research Papers in Economics via links.

A. General Economics and Teaching
A1 	General Economics
 * A10 	General
 * A11 	Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists
 * A12 	Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
 * A13 	Relation of Economics to Social Values
 * A14 	Sociology of Economics
 * A19 	Other

A2 	Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
 * A20 	General
 * A21 	Pre-college
 * A22 	Undergraduate
 * A23 	Graduate
 * A29 	Other

A3 	Collective Works
 * A30 	General
 * A31 	Collected Writings of Individuals
 * A32 	Collective Volumes
 * A33 	Handbooks
 * A39 	Other

B. History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches

 * B00 	General

B1 	History of Economic Thought through 1925
 * B10 	General
 * B11 	Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)
 * B12 	Classical (includes Adam Smith)
 * B13 	Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian)
 * B14 	Socialist • Marxist
 * B15 	Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary
 * B16 	Quantitative and Mathematical
 * B17 	International Trade and Finance
 * B19 	Other

B2 	History of Economic Thought since 1925
 * B20 	General
 * B21 	Microeconomics
 * B22 	Macroeconomics
 * B23 	Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies
 * B24 	Socialist • Marxist • Sraffian
 * B25 	Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Austrian • Stockholm School
 * B26 	Financial Economics
 * B27 	International Trade and Finance
 * B29 	Other

B3 	History of Economic Thought: Individuals
 * B30 	General
 * B31 	Individuals
 * B32 	Obituaries

B4 	Economic Methodology
 * B40 	General
 * B41 	Economic Methodology
 * B49 	Other

B5 	Current Heterodox Approaches
 * B50 	General
 * B51 	Socialist • Marxist • Sraffian
 * B52 	Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary
 * B53 	Austrian
 * B54 	Feminist Economics
 * B59 	Other

C. Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

 * C00 	General
 * C01 	Econometrics
 * C02 	Mathematical Methods

C1 	Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General
 * C10 	General
 * C11 	Bayesian Analysis: General
 * C12 	Hypothesis Testing: General
 * C13 	Estimation: General
 * C14 	Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
 * C15 	Statistical Simulation Methods: General
 * C18 	Methodological Issues: General
 * C19 	Other

C2 	Single Equation Models • Single Variables
 * C20 	General
 * C21  Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions
 * C22 	Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes
 * C23 	Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models
 * C24 	Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models
 * C25 	Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities
 * C26 	Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
 * C29 	Other

C3 	Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables
 * C30 	General
 * C31 	Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models
 * C32 	Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models
 * C33 	Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models
 * C34 	Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models
 * C35 	Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions
 * C36 	Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
 * C38 	Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models
 * C39 	Other

C4 	Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
 * C40 	General
 * C41 	Duration Analysis • Optimal Timing Strategies
 * C43 	Index Numbers and Aggregation
 * C44 	Operations Research • Statistical Decision Theory
 * C45 	Neural Networks and Related Topics
 * C46 	Specific Distributions • Specific Statistics
 * C49 	Other

C5 	Econometric Modeling
 * C50 	General
 * C51 	Model Construction and Estimation
 * C52 	Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
 * C53 	Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods
 * C54 	Quantitative Policy Modeling
 * C55 	Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
 * C57 	Econometrics of Games and Auctions
 * C58 	Financial Econometrics
 * C59 	Other

C6 	Mathematical Methods • Programming Models • Mathematical and Simulation Modeling
 * C60 	General
 * C61 	Optimization Techniques • Programming Models • Dynamic Analysis
 * C62 	Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
 * C63 	Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling
 * C65 	Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
 * C67 	Input–Output Models
 * C68 	Computable General Equilibrium Models
 * C69 	Other

C7 	Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
 * C70 	General
 * C71 	Cooperative Games
 * C72 	Noncooperative Games
 * C73 	Stochastic and Dynamic Games • Evolutionary Games • Repeated Games
 * C78 	Bargaining Theory • Matching Theory
 * C79 	Other

C8 	Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs
 * C80 	General
 * C81 	Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access
 * C82 	Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data Access
 * C83 	Survey Methods • Sampling Methods
 * C87 	Econometric Software
 * C88 	Other Computer Software
 * C89 	Other

C9 	Design of Experiments
 * C90 	General
 * C91 	Laboratory, Individual Behavior
 * C92 	Laboratory, Group Behavior
 * C93 	Field Experiments
 * C99 	Other

D. Microeconomics

 * D00 	General
 * D01 	Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
 * D02 	Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact
 * D03 	Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles
 * D04 	Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation

D1 	Household Behavior and Family Economics
 * D10 	General
 * D11 	Consumer Economics: Theory
 * D12 	Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
 * D13 	Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
 * D14 	Household Saving • Personal Finance
 * D15	Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving
 * D16	Collaborative Consumption
 * D18 	Consumer Protection
 * D19 	Other

D2 	Production and Organizations
 * D20 	General
 * D21 	Firm Behavior: Theory
 * D22 	Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
 * D23 	Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights
 * D24 	Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity
 * D25	Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing
 * D29 	Other

D3 	Distribution
 * D30 	General
 * D31 	Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
 * D33 	Factor Income Distribution
 * D39 	Other

D4 	Market Structure, Pricing, and Design
 * D40 	General
 * D41 	Perfect Competition
 * D42 	Monopoly
 * D43 	Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
 * D44 	Auctions
 * D45 	Rationing • Licensing
 * D46 	Value Theory
 * D47 	Market Design
 * D49 	Other

D5 	General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
 * D50 	General
 * D51 	Exchange and Production Economies
 * D52 	Incomplete Markets
 * D53 	Financial Markets
 * D57 	Input–Output Tables and Analysis
 * D58 	Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
 * D59 	Other

D6 	Welfare Economics
 * D60 	General
 * D61 	Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis
 * D62 	Externalities
 * D63 	Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
 * D64 	Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers
 * D69 	Other

D7 	Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
 * D70 	General
 * D71 	Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations
 * D72 	Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
 * D73 	Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption
 * D74 	Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions
 * D78 	Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation
 * D79 	Other

D8 	Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
 * D80 	General
 * D81 	Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
 * D82 	Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design
 * D83 	Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness
 * D84 	Expectations • Speculations
 * D85 	Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
 * D86 	Economics of Contract: Theory
 * D87 	Neuroeconomics
 * D89 	Other

D9 	Micro-Based Behavioral Economics
 * D90 	General
 * D91	Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making
 * D99 	Other

E. Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

 * E00 	General
 * E01 	Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts
 * E02 	Institutions and the Macroeconomy
 * E03 	Behavioral Macroeconomics

E1 	General Aggregative Models
 * E10 	General
 * E11 	Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian
 * E12 	Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian
 * E13 	Neoclassical
 * E14 	Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional
 * E16 	Social Accounting Matrix
 * E17 	Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
 * E19 	Other

E2 	Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy
 * E20 	General
 * E21 	Consumption • Saving • Wealth
 * E22 	Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity
 * E23 	Production
 * E24 	Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity
 * E25 	Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
 * E26 	Informal Economy • Underground Economy
 * E27 	Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
 * E29 	Other

E3 	Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
 * E30 	General
 * E31 	Price Level • Inflation • Deflation
 * E32 	Business Fluctuations • Cycles
 * E37 	Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
 * E39 	Other

E4 	Money and Interest Rates
 * E40 	General
 * E41 	Demand for Money
 * E42 	Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems
 * E43 	Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
 * E44 	Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
 * E47 	Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
 * E49 	Other

E5 	Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
 * E50 	General
 * E51 	Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers
 * E52 	Monetary Policy
 * E58 	Central Banks and Their Policies
 * E59 	Other

E6 	Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
 * E60 	General
 * E61 	Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination
 * E62 	Fiscal Policy
 * E63 	Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy
 * E64 	Incomes Policy • Price Policy
 * E65 	Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
 * E66 	General Outlook and Conditions
 * E69 	Other

F. International Economics

 * F00 	General
 * F01 	Global Outlook
 * F02 	International Economic Order and Integration

F1 	Trade
 * F10 	General
 * F11 	Neoclassical Models of Trade
 * F12 	Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation
 * F13 	Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations
 * F14 	Empirical Studies of Trade
 * F15 	Economic Integration
 * F16 	Trade and Labor Market Interactions
 * F17 	Trade Forecasting and Simulation
 * F18 	Trade and Environment
 * F19 	Other

F2 	International Factor Movements and International Business
 * F20 	General
 * F21 	International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements
 * F22 	International Migration
 * F23 	Multinational Firms • International Business
 * F24 	Remittances
 * F29 	Other

F3 	International Finance
 * F30 	General
 * F31 	Foreign Exchange
 * F32 	Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements
 * F33 	International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
 * F34 	International Lending and Debt Problems
 * F35 	Foreign Aid
 * F36 	Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
 * F37 	International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
 * F38 	International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls
 * F39 	Other

F4 	Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
 * F40 	General
 * F41 	Open Economy Macroeconomics
 * F42 	International Policy Coordination and Transmission
 * F43 	Economic Growth of Open Economies
 * F44 	International Business Cycles
 * F45 	Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions
 * F47 	Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
 * F49 	Other

F5 	International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy
 * F50 	General
 * F51 	International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions
 * F52 	National Security • Economic Nationalism
 * F53 	International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations
 * F54 	Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism
 * F55 	International Institutional Arrangements
 * F59 	Other

F6 	Economic Impacts of Globalization
 * F60 	General
 * F61 	Microeconomic Impacts
 * F62 	Macroeconomic Impacts
 * F63 	Economic Development
 * F64 	Environment
 * F65 	Finance
 * F66 	Labor
 * F68 	Policy
 * F69 	Other

G. Financial Economics

 * G00 	General
 * G01 	Financial Crises
 * G02 	Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles

G1 	General Financial Markets
 * G10 	General
 * G11 	Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions
 * G12 	Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates
 * G13 	Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing
 * G14 	Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading
 * G15 	International Financial Markets
 * G17 	Financial Forecasting and Simulation
 * G18 	Government Policy and Regulation
 * G19 	Other

G2 	Financial Institutions and Services
 * G20 	General
 * G21 	Banks • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages
 * G22 	Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies
 * G23 	Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors
 * G24 	Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies
 * G28 	Government Policy and Regulation
 * G29 	Other

G3 	Corporate Finance and Governance
 * G30 	General
 * G31 	Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity
 * G32 	Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill
 * G33 	Bankruptcy • Liquidation
 * G34 	Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance
 * G35 	Payout Policy
 * G38 	Government Policy and Regulation
 * G39 	Other

H. Public Economics

 * H00 	General

H1 	Structure and Scope of Government
 * H10 	General
 * H11 	Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
 * H12 	Crisis Management
 * H13 	Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization
 * H19 	Other

H2 	Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
 * H20 	General
 * H21 	Efficiency • Optimal Taxation
 * H22 	Incidence
 * H23 	Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
 * H24 	Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
 * H25 	Business Taxes and Subsidies
 * H26 	Tax Evasion and Avoidance
 * H27 	Other Sources of Revenue
 * H29 	Other

H3 	Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
 * H30 	General
 * H31 	Household
 * H32 	Firm
 * H39 	Other

H4 	Publicly Provided Goods
 * H40 	General
 * H41 	Public Goods
 * H42 	Publicly Provided Private Goods
 * H43 	Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate
 * H44 	Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
 * H49 	Other

H5 	National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
 * H50 	General
 * H51 	Government Expenditures and Health
 * H52 	Government Expenditures and Education
 * H53 	Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
 * H54 	Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
 * H55 	Social Security and Public Pensions
 * H56 	National Security and War
 * H57 	Procurement
 * H59 	Other

H6 	National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
 * H60 	General
 * H61 	Budget • Budget Systems
 * H62 	Deficit • Surplus
 * H63 	Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt
 * H68 	Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
 * H69 	Other

H7 	State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations
 * H70 	General
 * H71 	State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
 * H72 	State and Local Budget and Expenditures
 * H73 	Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
 * H74 	State and Local Borrowing
 * H75 	State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions
 * H76 	State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
 * H77 	Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession
 * H79 	Other

H8 	Miscellaneous Issues
 * H80 	General
 * H81 	Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts
 * H82 	Governmental Property
 * H83 	Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits
 * H84 	Disaster Aid
 * H87 	International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods
 * H89 	Other

I. Health, Education, and Welfare

 * I00 	General

I1 	Health
 * I10 	General
 * I11 	Analysis of Health Care Markets
 * I12 	Health Behavior
 * I13 	Health Insurance, Public and Private
 * I14 	Health and Inequality
 * I15 	Health and Economic Development
 * I18 	Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health
 * I19 	Other

I2 	Education and Research Institutions
 * I20 	General
 * I21 	Analysis of Education
 * I22 	Educational Finance • Financial Aid
 * I23 	Higher Education • Research Institutions
 * I24 	Education and Inequality
 * I25 	Education and Economic Development
 * I26 	Returns to Education
 * I28 	Government Policy
 * I29 	Other

I3 	Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty
 * I30 	General
 * I31 	General Welfare, Well-Being
 * I32 	Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
 * I38 	Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
 * I39 	Other

J. Labor and Demographic Economics

 * J00 	General
 * J01 	Labor Economics: General
 * J08 	Labor Economics: Policies

J1 	Demographic Economics
 * J10 	General
 * J11 	Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
 * J12 	Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse
 * J13 	Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth
 * J14 	Economics of the Elderly • Economics of the Handicapped • Non-Labor Market Discrimination
 * J15 	Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination
 * J16 	Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination
 * J17 	Value of Life • Forgone Income
 * J18 	Public Policy
 * J19 	Other

J2 	Demand and Supply of Labor
 * J20 	General
 * J21 	Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
 * J22 	Time Allocation and Labor Supply
 * J23 	Labor Demand
 * J24 	Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity
 * J26 	Retirement • Retirement Policies
 * J28 	Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy
 * J29 	Other

J3 	Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
 * J30 	General
 * J31 	Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials
 * J32 	Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions
 * J33 	Compensation Packages • Payment Methods
 * J38 	Public Policy
 * J39 	Other

J4 	Particular Labor Markets
 * J40 	General
 * J41 	Labor Contracts
 * J42 	Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets
 * J43 	Agricultural Labor Markets
 * J44 	Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing
 * J45 	Public Sector Labor Markets
 * J46 	Informal Labor Markets
 * J47 	Coercive Labor Markets
 * J48 	Public Policy
 * J49 	Other

J5 	Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
 * J50 	General
 * J51 	Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
 * J52 	Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining
 * J53 	Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence
 * J54 	Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership
 * J58 	Public Policy
 * J59 	Other

J6 	Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers
 * J60 	General
 * J61 	Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers
 * J62 	Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
 * J63 	Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs
 * J64 	Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
 * J65 	Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings
 * J68 	Public Policy
 * J69 	Other

J7 	Labor Discrimination
 * J70 	General
 * J71 	Discrimination
 * J78 	Public Policy
 * J79 	Other

J8 	Labor Standards: National and International
 * J80 	General
 * J81 	Working Conditions
 * J82 	Labor Force Composition
 * J83 	Workers' Rights
 * J88 	Public Policy
 * J89 	Other

K. Law and Economics

 * K00 	General

K1 	Basic Areas of Law
 * K10 	General
 * K11 	Property Law
 * K12 	Contract Law
 * K13 	Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics
 * K14 	Criminal Law
 * K15 	Civil Law • Common Law
 * K16 	Election Law
 * K19 	Other

K2 	Regulation and Business Law
 * K20 	General
 * K21 	Antitrust Law
 * K22 	Business and Securities Law
 * K23 	Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
 * K24 	Cyber Law
 * K25 	Real Estate Law
 * K29 	Other

K3 	Other Substantive Areas of Law
 * K30 	General
 * K31 	Labor Law
 * K32 	Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
 * K33 	International Law
 * K34 	Tax Law
 * K35 	Personal Bankruptcy Law
 * K36 	Family and Personal Law
 * K37 	Immigration Law
 * K38 	Human Rights Law • Gender Law
 * K39 	Other

K4 	Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
 * K40 	General
 * K41 	Litigation Process
 * K42 	Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
 * K49 	Other

L. Industrial Organization

 * L00 	General

L1 	Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
 * L10 	General
 * L11 	Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms
 * L12 	Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies
 * L13 	Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
 * L14 	Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks
 * L15 	Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility
 * L16 	Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices
 * L17 	Open Source Products and Markets
 * L19 	Other

L2 	Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
 * L20 	General
 * L21 	Business Objectives of the Firm
 * L22 	Firm Organization and Market Structure
 * L23 	Organization of Production
 * L24 	Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing
 * L25 	Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
 * L26 	Entrepreneurship
 * L29 	Other

L3 	Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
 * L30 	General
 * L31 	Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship
 * L32 	Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises
 * L33 	Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out
 * L38 	Public Policy
 * L39 	Other

L4 	Antitrust Issues and Policies
 * L40 	General
 * L41 	Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
 * L42 	Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts
 * L43 	Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
 * L44 	Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
 * L49 	Other

L5 	Regulation and Industrial Policy
 * L50 	General
 * L51 	Economics of Regulation
 * L52 	Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods
 * L53 	Enterprise Policy
 * L59 	Other

L6 	Industry Studies: Manufacturing
 * L60 	General
 * L61 	Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics
 * L62 	Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment
 * L63 	Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment
 * L64 	Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments
 * L65 	Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics
 * L66 	Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits
 * L67 	Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment
 * L68 	Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables
 * L69 	Other

L7 	Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
 * L70 	General
 * L71 	Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
 * L72 	Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
 * L73 	Forest Products
 * L74 	Construction
 * L78 	Government Policy
 * L79 	Other

L8 	Industry Studies: Services
 * L80 	General
 * L81 	Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce
 * L82 	Entertainment • Media
 * L83 	Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism
 * L84 	Personal, Professional, and Business Services
 * L85 	Real Estate Services
 * L86 	Information and Internet Services • Computer Software
 * L87 	Postal and Delivery Services
 * L88 	Government Policy
 * L89 	Other

L9 	Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
 * L90 	General
 * L91 	Transportation: General
 * L92 	Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
 * L93 	Air Transportation
 * L94 	Electric Utilities
 * L95 	Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities
 * L96 	Telecommunications
 * L97 	Utilities: General
 * L98 	Government Policy
 * L99 	Other

M. Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics

 * M00 	General

M1 	Business Administration
 * M10 	General
 * M11 	Production Management
 * M12 	Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation
 * M13 	New Firms • Startups
 * M14 	Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility
 * M15 	IT Management
 * M16 	International Business Administration
 * M19 	Other

M2 	Business Economics
 * M20 	General
 * M21 	Business Economics
 * M29 	Other

M3 	Marketing and Advertising
 * M30 	General
 * M31 	Marketing
 * M37 	Advertising
 * M38 	Government Policy and Regulation
 * M39 	Other

M4 	Accounting and Auditing
 * M40 	General
 * M41 	Accounting
 * M42 	Auditing
 * M48 	Government Policy and Regulation
 * M49 	Other

M5 	Personnel Economics
 * M50 	General
 * M51 	Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions
 * M52 	Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
 * M53 	Training
 * M54 	Labor Management
 * M55 	Labor Contracting Devices
 * M59 	Other

N. Economic History

 * N00 	General
 * N01 	Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods

N1 	Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • Fluctuations
 * N10 	General, International, or Comparative
 * N11 	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
 * N12 	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
 * N13 	Europe: Pre-1913
 * N14 	Europe: 1913–
 * N15 	Asia including Middle East
 * N16 	Latin America • Caribbean
 * N17 	Africa • Oceania

N2 	Financial Markets and Institutions
 * N20 	General, International, or Comparative
 * N21 	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
 * N22 	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
 * N23 	Europe: Pre-1913
 * N24 	Europe: 1913–
 * N25 	Asia including Middle East
 * N26 	Latin America • Caribbean
 * N27 	Africa • Oceania

N3 	Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy
 * N30 	General, International, or Comparative
 * N31 	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
 * N32 	U.S. • Canada: 1913-
 * N33 	Europe: Pre-1913
 * N34 	Europe: 1913-
 * N35 	Asia including Middle East
 * N36 	Latin America • Caribbean
 * N37 	Africa • Oceania

N4 	Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation
 * N40 	General, International, or Comparative
 * N41 	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
 * N42 	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
 * N43 	Europe: Pre-1913
 * N44 	Europe: 1913–
 * N45 	Asia including Middle East
 * N46 	Latin America • Caribbean
 * N47 	Africa • Oceania

N5 	Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
 * N50 	General, International, or Comparative
 * N51 	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
 * N52 	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
 * N53 	Europe: Pre-1913
 * N54 	Europe: 1913–
 * N55 	Asia including Middle East
 * N56 	Latin America • Caribbean
 * N57 	Africa • Oceania

N6 	Manufacturing and Construction
 * N60 	General, International, or Comparative
 * N61 	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
 * N62 	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
 * N63 	Europe: Pre-1913
 * N64 	Europe: 1913–
 * N65 	Asia including Middle East
 * N66 	Latin America • Caribbean
 * N67 	Africa • Oceania

N7 	Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
 * N70 	General, International, or Comparative
 * N71 	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
 * N72 	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
 * N73 	Europe: Pre-1913
 * N74 	Europe: 1913–
 * N75 	Asia including Middle East
 * N76 	Latin America • Caribbean
 * N77 	Africa • Oceania

N8 	Micro-Business History
 * N80 	General, International, or Comparative
 * N81 	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
 * N82 	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
 * N83 	Europe: Pre-1913
 * N84 	Europe: 1913–
 * N85 	Asia including Middle East
 * N86 	Latin America • Caribbean
 * N87 	Africa • Oceania

N9 	Regional and Urban History
 * N90 	General, International, or Comparative
 * N91 	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
 * N92 	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
 * N93 	Europe: Pre-1913
 * N94 	Europe: 1913–
 * N95 	Asia including Middle East
 * N96 	Latin America • Caribbean
 * N97 	Africa • Oceania

O. Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
O1 	Economic Development
 * O10 	General
 * O11 	Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
 * O12 	Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
 * O13 	Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products
 * O14 	Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology
 * O15 	Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration
 * O16 	Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance
 * O17 	Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements
 * O18 	Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure
 * O19 	International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations

O2 	Development Planning and Policy
 * O20 	General
 * O21 	Planning Models • Planning Policy
 * O22 	Project Analysis
 * O23 	Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
 * O24 	Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy
 * O25 	Industrial Policy
 * O29 	Other

O3 	Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights
 * O30 	General
 * O31 	Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
 * O32 	Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
 * O33 	Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes
 * O34 	Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
 * O35 	Social Innovation
 * O38 	Government Policy
 * O39 	Other

O4 	Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
 * O40 	General
 * O41 	One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
 * O42 	Monetary Growth Models
 * O43 	Institutions and Growth
 * O44 	Environment and Growth
 * O47 	Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence
 * O49 	Other

O5 	Economywide Country Studies
 * O50 	General
 * O51 	U.S. • Canada
 * O52 	Europe
 * O53 	Asia including Middle East
 * O54 	Latin America • Caribbean
 * O55 	Africa
 * O56 	Oceania
 * O57 	Comparative Studies of Countries

P. Economic Systems

 * P00 	General

P1 	Capitalist Systems
 * P10 	General
 * P11 	Planning, Coordination, and Reform
 * P12 	Capitalist Enterprises
 * P13 	Cooperative Enterprises
 * P14 	Property Rights
 * P16 	Political Economy
 * P17 	Performance and Prospects
 * P18 	Energy • Environment
 * P19 	Other

P2 	Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
 * P20 	General
 * P21 	Planning, Coordination, and Reform
 * P22 	Prices
 * P23 	Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population
 * P24 	National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
 * P25 	Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
 * P26 	Political Economy • Property Rights
 * P27 	Performance and Prospects
 * P28 	Natural Resources • Energy • Environment
 * P29 	Other

P3 	Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
 * P30 	General
 * P31 	Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
 * P32 	Collectives • Communes • Agriculture
 * P33 	International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid
 * P34 	Financial Economics
 * P35 	Public Economics
 * P36 	Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
 * P37 	Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior
 * P39 	Other

P4 	Other Economic Systems
 * P40 	General
 * P41 	Planning, Coordination, and Reform
 * P42 	Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population
 * P43 	Public Economics • Financial Economics
 * P44 	National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
 * P45 	International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
 * P46 	Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
 * P47 	Performance and Prospects
 * P48 	Political Economy • Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies
 * P49 	Other

P5 	 Comparative Economic Systems
 * P50 	General
 * P51 	Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
 * P52 	Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
 * P59 	Other

Q. Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics

 * Q00 	General
 * Q01 	Sustainable Development
 * Q02 	Commodity Markets

Q1 	Agriculture
 * Q10 	General
 * Q11 	Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices
 * Q12 	Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
 * Q13 	Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness
 * Q14 	Agricultural Finance
 * Q15 	Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment
 * Q16 	R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services
 * Q17 	Agriculture in International Trade
 * Q18 	Agricultural Policy • Food Policy
 * Q19 	Other

Q2 	Renewable Resources and Conservation
 * Q20 	General
 * Q21 	Demand and Supply • Prices
 * Q22 	Fishery • Aquaculture
 * Q23 	Forestry
 * Q24 	Land
 * Q25 	Water
 * Q26 	Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
 * Q27 	Issues in International Trade
 * Q28 	Government Policy
 * Q29 	Other

Q3 	Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
 * Q30 	General
 * Q31 	Demand and Supply • Prices
 * Q32 	Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
 * Q33 	Resource Booms
 * Q34 	Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
 * Q35 	Hydrocarbon Resources
 * Q37 	Issues in International Trade
 * Q38 	Government Policy
 * Q39 	Other

Q4 	Energy
 * Q40 	General
 * Q41 	Demand and Supply • Prices
 * Q42 	Alternative Energy Sources
 * Q43 	Energy and the Macroeconomy
 * Q47 	Energy Forecasting
 * Q48 	Government Policy
 * Q49 	Other

Q5 	Environmental Economics
 * Q50 	General
 * Q51 	Valuation of Environmental Effects
 * Q52 	Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects
 * Q53 	Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling
 * Q54 	Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming
 * Q55 	Technological Innovation
 * Q56 	Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth
 * Q57 	Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology
 * Q58 	Government Policy
 * Q59 	Other

R. Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

 * R00 	General

R1 	General Regional Economics
 * R10 	General
 * R11 	Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
 * R12 	Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
 * R13 	General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
 * R14 	Land Use Patterns
 * R15 	Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models
 * R19 	Other

R2 	Household Analysis
 * R20 	General
 * R21 	Housing Demand
 * R22 	Other Demand
 * R23 	Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics
 * R28 	Government Policy
 * R29 	Other

R3 	Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location
 * R30 	General
 * R31 	Housing Supply and Markets
 * R32 	Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis
 * R33 	Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
 * R38 	Government Policy
 * R39 	Other

R4 	Transportation Economics
 * R40 	General
 * R41 	Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise
 * R42 	Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning
 * R48 	Government Pricing and Policy
 * R49 	Other

R5 	Regional Government Analysis
 * R50 	General
 * R51 	Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
 * R52 	Land Use and Other Regulations
 * R53 	Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock
 * R58 	Regional Development Planning and Policy
 * R59 	Other

Y. Miscellaneous Categories
Y1 	Data: Tables and Charts
 * Y10 	Data: Tables and Charts

Y2 	Introductory Material
 * Y20 	Introductory Material

Y3 	Book Reviews (unclassified)
 * Y30 	Book Reviews (unclassified)

Y4 	Dissertations (unclassified)
 * Y40 	Dissertations (unclassified)

Y5 	Further Reading (unclassified)
 * Y50 	Further Reading (unclassified)

Y6 	Excerpts
 * Y60 	Excerpts

Y7 	No Author General Discussions
 * Y70 	No Author General Discussions

Y8 	Related Disciplines
 * Y80 	Related Disciplines

Y9 	Other
 * Y90 	Other
 * Y91 	Pictures and Maps
 * Y92 	Novels, Self-Help Books, etc.

Z. Other Special Topics

 * Z00 	General

Z1 	Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology
 * Z10 	General
 * Z11 	Economics of the Arts and Literature
 * Z12 	Religion
 * Z13 	Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic Stratification
 * Z18 	Public Policy
 * Z19 	Other

Z2 	Sports Economics
 * Z20 	General
 * Z21 	Industry Studies
 * Z22 	Labor Issues
 * Z23 	Finance
 * Z28 	Policy
 * Z29 	Other

Z3 	Tourism Economics
 * Z30 	General
 * Z31 	Industry Studies
 * Z32 	Tourism and Development
 * Z33 	Marketing and Finance
 * Z38 	Policy
 * Z39 	Other