James Rowan O'Beirne

James Rowan O'Beirne (September 25, 1839 – February 17, 1917) was a lawyer, journalist, civil servant, and American soldier who fought with the U.S. Army in the American Civil War. O'Beirne received his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for actions taken on June 1, 1862 during the Battle of Fair Oaks.

Early life
He was born in Cappagh, County Roscommon, Ireland, to Michael Horan O'Beirne and Eliza Rowan O'Beirnehe was nine months-old he when his family emigrated to New York City. He grew up in Manhattan a devout Catholic and went to the Jesuit College of St. Francis Xavier then on 15th Street between 5th and 6th Avenues in Manhattan. He moved to the Bronx to complete his education at St. John's College (now Fordham University) as the valedictorian of the class of 1854. He continued on to study philosophy and then law at St. John's and received his Magister Artium (MA) and Legum Doctor (LL.D) in 1857. He briefly worked as an attorney in Manhattan until 1861.

1861
When the Civil War broke out in April 1861, the self-described radical Republican originally enlisted as a private in Company I of the 7th New York Militia but was mustered out two months later. In July 1861 he reenlisted in Company C of the 37th New York Volunteer Infantry (Irish Rifles) and was given a commission as a 2nd lieutenant. The regiment continued in Hunter's Brigade, Division of the Potomac from August 4, 1861. Next they served in Richardson's Brigade from August 22, 1861; in same brigade, Heintzelman's Division, Army of the Potomac, from October 15, 1861.

O'Beirne left New York on June 23, 1861, with the regiment. The regiment initially served at and near Washington DC. They camped at the foot of East Capitol Street., Their regimental commander, John H McCune, as the senior colonel was initially the brigade commander, but he was relieved for cause, court-martialed, and found guilty of conduct "prejudicial to the good order and military discipline" though also directed to "resume his sword and duties."

BGEN David Hunter was brought on to command the brigade as part of BGEN Samuel P. Heintzelman's Division, in BGEN McDowell's Army of Northeast Virginia.At the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, O'Beirne and the regiment were in McDowell's reserves and suffered no casualties. During the battle O'Beirne had displayed leadership and a talent for soldiering such that he was promoted to 1st Lieutenant of Company C on August 9, 1861.

After the defeat at Bull Run, 1861, Lincoln relieved McDowell and appointed George B. McClellan as his new commander of the army at the capital. During the summer and fall, McClellan brought a high degree of organization to his new army, and greatly improved its morale with frequent trips to review and encourage his units. During this period of training and reorganization, O'Beirne and this 37th exchanged their smoothbore Model 1842 Muskets for newer rifle-muskets. They received Austrian Lorenz Rifled Muskets and P53 Enfield Rifled Muskets (slightly more Lorenz). In October, O'Beirne had a new brigade commander, BGEN Israel B. Richardson. The 37th remained in Heintzelman's Division, but were now part of the Army of the Potomac (AoP). They would remain in their division until March 1862.

Through this period O'Deirne continued to excel and as promoted to captain and took over command of Company C on November 4, 1861. At some point O'Beirne acquired a civilian rifle which he used instead of his pistol incombat. Among O'Beirne's duties of company commander were overseeing the color guard of the regiment as Company C's position was in the middle of the battle line. McClellan had rebuilt the forces into the Army of the Potomac, and O'Beirne and his men thought highly of him. At the end of November, O'Beirne and his regiment went into winter quarters in the defenses of Washington.

O'Beirne frequently saw friends in other regiments from the Irish community in New York. He frequently met some of his St. John's classmates as well as several of the Jesuits from the faculty who were serving as chaplains in the AoP. He also saw many colleagues from the legal profession in Manhattan. Among these were the fellow lawyers and St. John's classmates, the McMahon brothers, John Eugene (St. John's '48), James Power (St. John's '53), and the youngest, and fellow Medal of Honor winner, Martin Thomas (St. John's '55). O'Beirne was very close to the middle brother, James with whom he has numerous boxing bouts while undergraduates at Fordham. As a product of the Jesuits, O'Beirne was also very close with Rev. Peter Tissot, S.J. who was the 37th's chaplain.

1862
After several temporary assignments the regiment finally became a part of the 3d brigade, 3rd division, III Corps from March 13, 1862. In March 1862, O'Beirne and the 37th the regiment embarked on steamers for Fortress Monroe. During the Peninsula Campaign, O'Beirne was active throughout the campaign. His first action was in the Siege of Yorktown (1862).

Peninsula Campaign
While at Williamsburg, he participated in the brigade's bayonet charge that drove the Rebels from the entrenchments. This action led to the regiment's receiving a complimentary mention from the division commander, BGEN Kearny for gallantry in action. During this battle 95 were killed, wounded, or found to be missing.

At the Battle of Fair Oaks and in the Seven Days' battles, the 37th was closely engaged. During the Seven Days at Oak Grove, leading Company C, O'Beirne performed the actions that would earn him the Medal of Honor. Holding the line with his company containing the regimental colors, he held the line and in turn kept the regiment held to their ground until ordered to fall back. These two battles were his regiment's third and fourth costliest battle with 81 casualties at Fair Oaks and 81 at Seven Days. After the battle, O'Beirne went with his regiment into at Harrison's Landing.

After spending six weeks in camp with the rest of the AoP, O'Beirne and the 37th found themselves leaving the Peninsula suffering a strategic feat. On August 16, they moved to Alexandria and then pushed south to Centreville. O'Beirne and his regiment were present but in reserve at Second Bull Run and Chantilly during MGEN Pope's Northern Virginia campaign. The 37th detached from AoP during the Maryland campaign and went into the defenses at Washington.

Fredericksburg campaign
They remained in the capital's fortifications until October. O'Beirne and his regiment began gradual moves south in October and November. They joined the rest of the AoP, now commanded by Burnside reached Falmouth, across the Rappahannock from Fredericksburg on Saturday, December 6, 1862. O'Beirne and the regiment were active at Fredericksburg with a total loss of 35 members ; and encamped near Falmouth during the rest of the winter.

1863
On Christmas Eve, Wednesday, December 24, 1862, the regiment received the veterans of the 101st New York. On Tuesday, January 20, 1863, the 37th moved out in unseasonably mild weather on the AoP's infamous "Mud March". This offensive was Burnside's abortive second attempt at crossing the Rappahannock. Despite sound strategy, the offnsive failed due to dissension among generals in the Army of the Potomac, compounded by severe winter storms. During the night of the 20th, the rain began, and by the morning of the 21st, the earth was soaked and the river banks had the appearance of a quagmire. For a considerable area around the planned crossing sites, men worked all day of January 21, but to little purpose. Thursday added even more only added to the storm, and the 37th, and the rest of the AoP were swamped in the mud. As O'Beirne and his compatriots slogged through the mud, Lee ample time to line the other shore with his army, although there was no attempt to interfere with his crossing except from the sharpshooters, who peppered away on all occasions. By Friday, the river was swollen. There seemed to be no end in sight of the bad weather. Burnside finally became resigned the failure and gave the order for the army to return to its camp in Falmouth on Monday, January 26.

O'Beirne noted a brighter outlook for AoP when Hooker replaced Burnside as army commander. Under the new leadership preparations began for the Chancellorsville campaign. This upcoming campaign would incur the 37th's heaviest losses as well as personally costly for O'Beirne.. was suffered in the Chancellorsville campaign in May 1863, when 222 of the 37th were killed, wounded or missing.

A report from Major William DeLacy recounted the actions of this encounter in detail. The regiment struck tents the morning of April 28 and marched about 6 miles toward the Rappahannock River where they encamped. They crossed the river on May 1 at about 11 am. They defended a battery on the front and then to connect with the left of General Howard's command. A night attack was undertaken at around 11 pm. DeLacey recounted how the regiment "Drove some troops from the rifle-pits on our right." On May 3 while the brigade was moving to the rear of the Union lines, a deadly attack on the front and left flank caused confusion and forced the regiment to fall back. ?The regiment was later reformed and fell back. After being wounded at the Battle of Chancellorsville O'Beirne was mustered out. He was recommisioned as captain in the Veteran Reserve Corps in July.

Later war
O'Beirne was promoted to the rank of major in July 1864 and received brevet promotions to the ranks lieutenant colonel and colonel. In April 1865 he was serving as Provost Marshall of Washington DC and was active in the pursuit and capture of John Wilkes Booth and his associate conspirators following the assassination of US President Abraham Lincoln. In September 1865 he was brevetted to the rank of brigadier general for "gallant, distinguished and meritorious service" while serving in the Union Army during the Civil War and he was discharged from military duty on January 30, 1866. He then pursued a career in journalism, reporting for the Washington Sunday Gazette and the New York Herald. In the 1890s he served as second in command of immigration at Ellis Island, New York City. He died in New York City at the age of 77

Medal of Honor citation
"The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Captain James Rowan O'Beirne, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on May 31 & 1 June 1862, while serving with Company C, 37th New York Infantry, in action at Fair Oaks, Virginia. Captain O'Beirne gallantly maintained the line of battle until ordered to fall back."

Personal life
While recovering from his wounds at Chancellorsville, he married Martha Susannah Brennan in New York. His daughter, Gertrude was born in 1865.

After the war, O'Beirne and his family remained in Washington where he received an appointment as Register of Wills in DC. His civil service career continued as Deputy United States Marshal and Acting Marshal during his superior's lengthy absences. He also worked as a journalist as the editor and publisher of The Washington Gazette, and served as the Washington correspondent for the New York Times and New York Herald. He also traveled west several times with the U.S. Army as a war correspondent for the Herald during the Indian Wars of the 1870s. In Washington he was active in the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) and was well known among the political elites receiving a bust of Simon Bolivar from the Venezuelan government upon his departure from Washington.

In March 1889, fellow veteran and GAR member, President Benjamin Harrison appointed him Assistant Commissioner of Immigration at Ellis Island. He and hs family returned home with the appointment. During his tenure he frequently ran the facility when the Commissioner was in Europe. He remained in that post for the duration of the Harrison administration.

During the twenty-year project of publishing The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, the federal government began reviewing the actions of veterans to recognize those that had performed actions worthy of the Medal of Honor. O'Beirne's conduct during the Battle of Seven Pines between May 31, 1862 – June 1, 1862, was deemed rating the award. He received his medal in January 1891.

He was active in veterans' affairs; he served a term as the Grand Marshal of the GAR Posts of New York state. He was an active donor and fund-raiser for the Irish Parliament Fund Association and United Irish League, as well as several Irish benevolent associations. His wife died in June 1895.

In 1897, He was appointed to a six-year term as Commissioner of Charities in New York City. He continued with his involvement in charitable works after his term expired in 1901. As well as his devotion to veterans and Irish causes, he was very active in his church. He was involved in the New York Archdiocese and very closely involved in supporting the Jesuits at his alma maters, St. Francis Xavier and St. John's. He remained close with his surviving classmates and former teachers. He was a strong supporter of St. John's cadet corps (the precursor of the modern ROTC unit at Fordham). Although never a trustee of the college, he was also involved in the opening of the law and medical schools and when St. John's College officially became Fordham University on March 7, 1907. He contributed articles to the alumni magazine and was a common sight on the Bronx campus until shortly before his death in Manhattan at the age of 77, on February 17, 1917.

Detailed Service
O'Beirne, James Rowan 9, 1861, replacing 1LT Martin E. Lawlor who was discharged; CPT, Company C commander, 37th New York Infantry, December 2, 1861, with rank from November 4, 1861, replacing CPT Michael Doran who was dismissed.
 * -Age: 24 years
 * -Enrolled: April 17, 1861, at New York city to serve one month; mustered in as Private, Company I, 7th Militia, April 26, 1861; mustered out with company, June 3, 1861, at New York city
 * -Enrolled: July 7, 1861, at Washington to serve two years, and mustered in as Private, Company C, 37th New York Infantry Regiment
 * -Dates of Rank: 2LT, July 9, 1861, 1LT, August 9, 1861, CPT, November 4, 1861
 * -Wounded in action, May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, VA
 * -Mustered out with company, June 22, 1863, at New York city; subsequent service in Veteran Reserve Corps as Provost in Washington, DC
 * -Medal of Honor
 * -Billets: Commissioned 2LT, in Company C, 37th New York Infantry, August 9, 1861, with rank from July 9, 1861, replacing Joshua V. Willitt who was discharged; 1LT, Company C second-in-command, 37th New York Infantry, August 27, 1861, with rank from August

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