Java Card OpenPlatform

Java Card OpenPlatform (JCOP) is a smart card operating system for the Java Card platform developed by IBM Zürich Research Laboratory. On 31 January 2006 the development and support responsibilities transferred to the IBM Smart Card Technology team in Böblingen, Germany. Since July 2007 support and development activities for the JCOP operating system on NXP / Philips silicon are serviced by NXP Semiconductors.

The title originates from the standards it complies with:
 * Java Card specifications
 * GlobalPlatform (formerly known as Visa Inc OpenPlatform) specifications

A Java Card JCOP has a Java Card Virtual Machine (JCVM) which allows it to run applications written in Java programming language.

First JC/OP Masks
Mask 0 : 1998 (spring) Mask 1 : 1998 Mask 2 and 3 : 1999 Mask 4 : 1999
 * First prototype on Atmel 8-bit uC – Flash memory, slow
 * Siemens/Infineon SLE66 IC – Public key cryptography
 * Gemplus International (now Gemalto) licensed JC/OP
 * Base mask for GemXpresso product line
 * Public key generation
 * Visa OpenPlatform
 * Contactless JC/OP on Philips Mifare Pro chip
 * 256 bytes RAM, 20 KB ROM and 8 KB EEPROM
 * Dual interface

JCOP01 and Cooperation with Philips
Mask 5 : 2000 Visa breakthrough program JCOP v2 JCOP v2.2
 * Philips P8WE smartcard microcontroller
 * ‘JCOP01’ is the foundation for all later versions
 * JCOP licensed by IBM
 * JCOP Tools for development
 * To counter MasterCard’s MULTOS
 * Cooperation between IBM (OS), Visa (OpenPlatform) and Philips (IC)
 * JCOP v1 owned by Visa
 * Owned by IBM, sold by Philips
 * Philips SmartMX controller (SMX)
 * GlobalPlatform 2.1.1
 * Java Card 2.2.1
 * Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) F2M support
 * JCOP Tools Eclipse based

JCOP Transfer
JCOP v2.2.1 – JCOP v2.3.1 JCOP v2.3.2
 * Owned by IBM, sold by Philips/NXP
 * Development transferred to IBM in Böblingen, Germany
 * USB interface
 * JCOP technology owned by IBM
 * Policy change at IBM
 * Source code license acquired by NXP Semiconductors
 * To serve customer requests and projects

JCOP by NXP
JCOP v2.4 JCOP v2.4.1 JCOP v2.4.2
 * first NXP developed JCOP version
 * ECC GF(p) support
 * Java Card 2.2.2
 * ECC primitive calculation support (point addition and multiplication)
 * Common Criteria 5+ certification (CC)
 * EMV, Visa and MasterCard approved
 * NFC integration into PN65N combo chip: NFC and Secure Element
 * additional algorithms to support eGovernment use cases, i.e. AES CMAC
 * CC 5+
 * NFC integration into PN65O

mobile
Smartcard controller SmartMX2, P61, flash based persistent memory

JCOP 3.0 JCOP 3.1
 * NFC integration into PN65T
 * Java Card 3.0.1 classic edition
 * GlobalPlatform 2.2.1
 * EMV platform certification
 * NFC integration into PN66T

card
SMX2, P60, EEPROM based persistent memory

JCOP 3.x (not released as of Dec 26, 2014)

Technical Overview
JCOP is an operating system for a security sensitive embedded system environment, smartcard or secure element controllers in particular. The functional architecture can be partitioned into three parts:
 * Java Card, for development of applications, i.e. API and structure of card applets similar to class files
 * GlobalPlatform, for administration of applications and operating system, i.e. loading and access control
 * JCOP proprietary features, mainly Java Card API extensions, i.e. ECC primitive calculation or MIFARE DESFIRE management

NXP offers also MIFARE emulations for Classic and DESFIRE on the same chip as additional (native) operating systems. While JCOP is based on open standards, MIFARE technology is NXP specific. Java Card applets running in JCOP can then be used to manage the MIFARE memory through Java Card API. MIFARE Plus and MIFARE Ultralight are not (yet) supported.

GlobalPlatform
GP is a high-level standard with many options. As of JCOP 3, support for GP 2.2.1 was added, in particular to support mobile use cases JCOP 3 is fully Secure Element configuration compliant.

GP 2.2.1 card specification, core Amendment A - Confidential Card Content Management (C3M) Amendment C - Contactless Services Amendment D - Secure Channel Protocol 03 (AES) Amendment E - Security Upgrade UICC configuration Secure Element configuration
 * issuer centric or simple model
 * delegated management
 * authorized management
 * verification authority (GP 2.1.1 controlling authority)
 * Data Authentication Pattern (DAP)
 * Secure Channel Protocol 02 (SCP), pseudo random, C-MAC, C-ENC, R-MAC, R-ENC
 * all the privileges are supported
 * see implementation details in UICC configuration and Amendment E
 * every protocol but FeliCa is supported
 * additionally MIFARE Classic and DESFIRE is supported
 * HCI notifications are supported
 * only AES-128
 * all options are supported (random)
 * SHA-256 and EC-256
 * C3M scenario #3
 * scenarios #1, #2A and #2B
 * SCP 80 and 81 is not supported (ETSI)
 * JCOP 3 is fully compliant

Java Card
From the optional packages JCOP 3 does not support the javacardx.framework. From the crypto and signature classes, some algorithms are not supported, i.e. MD5 and EC F2M. The key lengths (amongst others) supported are AES-128, DES, 2DES3, 3DES3, EC up to 521 bit, RSA up to 2048 bit.

Communication Protocols
JCOP 3 supports ISO-7816, ISO-14443 type A and B (through SWP - NFC controller) and SWP/HCI. USB low speed was supported only on JCOP v2.3.1.

Extensions
JCOP 3 supports various extensions, i.e. MIFARE DESFIRE management support for MIFARE4Mobile. It is important to know that usage of extensions used in applets (not part of Java Card and GlobalPlatform specifications) makes this applications not portable to other Java Card and GlobalPlatform compliant operating systems.

JCOP Tools
JCOP Tools were initially developed by IBM. The first module was a command line tool called JCOP Shell or JCShell. The development tools is a plugin to Eclipse IDE. NXP has maintained JCOP Tools and extended it with a CryptoPlugin and new JCOP simulations. The tools are offered for Windows, macOS and Linux platforms.

JCShell
JCShell is a Java program, command line tool which also supports scripting. The JCShell scripting language is sophisticated to create test and verification scripts. JCShell has a plugin structure where existing base plugin (similar to Eclipse plugins) which supports the most basic on-card APDU commands such as raw send is extended with GlobalPlatform and crypto functionality. All the plugins are extendable by own functionality (in Java). There is a standalone JCShell version without the need to install Eclipse and an Eclipse-based version embedded in form of a View in the Debug perspective of JCOP Tools plugin.11