John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732)

John Erskine, 23rd and 6th Earl of Mar and 1st Duke of Mar KT (1675 – May 1732), was a prominent Scottish nobleman and a key figure in the Jacobite movement. He held the title of the 23rd Earl of Mar from the earldom's first creation and was the sixth earl in its seventh creation (of 1565). Erskine, often remembered for his political adaptability, navigated the complex and shifting landscape of early 18th-century British politics.

Born as the eldest son of Charles, the 22nd and 5th Earl of Mar, Erskine inherited estates that were facing financial challenges. In 1714, following the ascension of a new monarch, he found himself without official office and subsequently championed the Jacobite cause. He notably raised an army to contest the Hanoverian rule, leading his forces at the Battle of Sheriffmuir in November 1715. Despite having a numerical advantage, the battle concluded inconclusively. After the subsequent event at Fetteresso, Erskine sought refuge in France, where he spent his remaining years.

Mar's involvement in the Jacobite uprising led to a Writ of Attainder for treason in 1716, a mark of his deep commitment to his cause. This attainder was posthumously reversed in 1824. Erskine died at Aix-la-Chapelle in exile in 1732, leaving behind a legacy intertwined with the turbulent and transformative history of Scotland and the United Kingdom during the early 18th century.

House of Mar
The Mormaerdom of Mar, one of Scotland's seven ancient provinces or kingdoms, was historically governed by a Mormaer, an ancient Pictish title analogous to an Earl. This title, indicative of a high-ranking noble status second only to the monarchy, was held by the rulers of Mar, a region in ancient Pictish society.

The House of Mar, recognized as Britain's oldest organized noble house, has direct ties to the Kingdom of Mar, which was among the nine established Pictish Kingdoms. Initially, the leaders of Mar were known as 'mormaors', a term signifying their elevated position in Pictish society. By the onset of the 10th century, this title evolved into the more familiar Saxon title of 'earl'.

An early colored representation of the Earldom of Mar can be found in a heraldic collection, specifically in MS B.29, p22 (dating from 1270–80) housed at the College of Arms. The House of Mar's coat of arms is described as 'Quarterly 1st and 4th Azure a bend between six cross crosslets fitched Or (Mar), 2nd and 3rd Argent pale Sable (Erskine)'. The motto of Clan Erskine is "Je Pense Plus" (French for "I think more"). The earldom of Mar holds the distinction of being recognized as one of the most ancient titles in Great Britain, and possibly even in Europe, as declared by the Ulster King-of-Arms. Noted for its deep historical roots, the earldom's origins are shrouded in the mists of time, as observed by the esteemed historian Lord Hailes. He aptly remarked that the history of this earldom is "lost in antiquity," predating established records and the conventional scope of documented history. This heraldic emblem has a historical association with Longwy-sur-le-Doubs, a town in the Jura department of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France, known for its strategic importance in the defense of the Kingdom of Burgundy.

Geographically, the Mormaerdom of Mar was situated in what is now Aberdeenshire, spanning the area between the River Dee and the River Don, extending from coastal regions to the mountainous interiors. The Earldom of Mar, as declared by the Ulster King-of-Arms, is considered one of the most ancient titles in Great Britain, and possibly even in Europe.

Kildrummy Castle, located near Kildrummy in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, stands as an impressive, albeit now ruined, testament to medieval architecture. It is regarded as one of the most significant and expansive examples of 13th-century castles in eastern Scotland. Historically, it served as the principal residence of the Earls of Mar.

The origins of Kildrummy Castle trace back to the early 13th century. It is believed to have been built under the lordship of Uilleam and Domhnall, who were Earls of Mar during this period. Throughout its storied past, the castle has witnessed several sieges, notably playing a crucial defensive role for the family of Robert the Bruce in 1306. This historical significance underlines Kildrummy Castle's pivotal role in Scottish history, particularly during periods of conflict and upheaval.

The Erskine family was known for their unwavering allegiance to the Clan Bruce. A notable figure within the family, Sir Robert de Erskine, distinguished himself during his era. His prominence and trustworthiness were recognized by King David II of Scotland, son of King Robert The Bruce, who entrusted him with the important role of custodian of Stirling Castle, a key strategic stronghold in the country.

John Erskine's title as Earl of Mar is subject to varying interpretations across different biographies. In some accounts, he is recognized as the 23rd Earl of Mar, referencing the title's first creation. Other sources alternatively designate him as the 22nd Earl from this initial creation. Additionally, he is often acknowledged as the 6th Earl of Mar, corresponding to the title's seventh creation in 1565. In certain cases, he is referred to as both. There are also instances where he is identified as the 11th Earl of Mar, a classification that aligns with the title's second creation in 1496. This diversity in numbering reflects the complex history and various reconstructions of the Earldom of Mar over the centuries.

Early life
John Erskine, the sixth Earl of Mar, was inducted as a Knight of the Thistle on August 10, 1706. This prestigious honor marked a significant recognition in his career. The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, tied closely to Scotland, was reestablished in its current form in 1687 by King James VII of Scotland. King James VII declared this as a revival of an older tradition. The order is symbolized by the thistle, Scotland's national flower, and carries the motto "Nemo me impune lacessit" (Latin for "No one provokes me with impunity"). Historical lore, as noted in the 1687 warrant, recounts that King Achaius of Scots established the Order of the Thistle in dedication to Saint Andrew after witnessing a celestial symbol of the saint's cross during a 786 battle against Angles led by Aethelstan. According to the statutes set by James VII during the order's revival, it was to maintain the original composition of "the Sovereign and twelve Knights-Brethren," a symbolic reference to Jesus Christ and His Twelve Apostles. A notable point in the order's history involves John Erskine, the 6th Earl of Mar. He was the only member ever to be stripped of his knighthood. This action was taken against him following his involvement in the Jacobite rising of 1715, leading to the loss of both his knighthood and the earldom.

In the early 18th century, John Erskine, Earl of Mar, played a significant role in British politics. He was aligned with a party supportive of the government and was appointed as one of the Commissioners for the Union. His political acumen led to his appointment as a Scottish Secretary of State. Following the Union of 1707, Mar continued his distinguished career as a representative peer for Scotland, Keeper of the Signet, and a member of the Privy Council. In 1713, under the Tory administration, he was appointed a British Secretary of State, showcasing his versatility and capability to work across party lines.

Mar's adaptability in politics was further demonstrated in 1714 when he expressed his loyalty to the newly crowned King George I. Despite his efforts, like many Tories of the time, he was relieved of his office. In August 1715, Mar chose to actively embrace his Scottish heritage and Jacobite sympathies. He discreetly traveled to Scotland, where he became a leading figure in the Jacobite movement supporting James Edward, the Old Pretender. His shift to the Jacobite cause occurred during a tumultuous period marked by the arrest and impeachment of Robert Harley and the exile of other notable Tories, including Lord Bolingbroke and the Duke of Ormonde. This period of Mar's life highlights his deep involvement in the significant political and historical events of his time.

1715 Rising
In 1714, following the Elector of Hanover's ascension to the British throne after Queen Anne's passing, many of her erstwhile supporters felt estranged from the new government. The Earl of Mar was among these figures, who, feeling alienated, chose to side with the Jacobite movement. From September of that year, he began mobilizing forces, gearing up for a southward march. This action was part of a larger strategy to unite with English Jacobite groups, with the ultimate goal of reinstating a Stuart monarch. It was during this period of shifting allegiances and active engagement in the Jacobite cause that his English detractors labeled him "Bobbing John," a nickname that reflected their perception of his changing loyalties.

Gathering with numerous Highland chieftains at Aboyne, John Erskine, Earl of Mar, expressed a strong commitment to Scotland's independence. On September 6, 1715, at Braemar, he initiated the Jacobite rising of 1715 by proclaiming James VIII as the King of Scotland, England, France, and Ireland. Under his leadership, the Jacobite forces gradually expanded, showcasing his ability to rally support.

As a military leader, Mar faced significant challenges. His strategic decisions, including a prolonged stay at Perth and a simulated attack on Stirling, were part of his broader military campaign, though they had limited success in advancing his cause. During the Battle of Sheriffmuir, in November 1715, Mar commanded an army that outnumbered the forces of his opponent, the Duke of Argyll. The battle concluded without a decisive victor, as each army's right wing overpowered the other's left wing.

In the battle's aftermath, while Mar's cautious approach led to missed opportunities, it's important to consider the complex circumstances and the challenging decisions he faced as a commander. The Jacobite rising of 1715, despite not achieving its ultimate goal, remains a significant event in Scottish history, reflecting the enduring spirit and aspirations of its participants.

The Battle of Sheriffmuir, a pivotal engagement in the Jacobite uprising. The battle's outcome, while technically inconclusive, showcased strategic aspects of Mar's leadership and the valor of his forces. Mar's army, demonstrating commendable skill and courage, achieved significant tactical successes during the battle. The right wing of his Jacobite forces, notably comprising Clan Donald, the Macleans, and the Breadalbane Campbells, displayed remarkable prowess. They effectively overpowered the Hanoverian left wing, a testament to their discipline and fighting spirit under Mar's command.

The encounter was characterized by its unique dynamics, with both armies experiencing victories and defeats on different flanks. The end of the battle, marked by the onset of night, left both sides in a state of uncertainty about the outcome. Notably, Mar's forces had inflicted heavier casualties on the Hanoverians, a point often overshadowed by the battle's overall ambiguity.

The strategic withdrawal of Mar's army towards Perth the following morning was a tactical decision, reflecting Mar's prudence in preserving his forces for future engagements. While the Duke of Argyll, commanding the Hanoverian forces, claimed victory, the outcome of the battle remained a subject of debate, with both sides having reasons to assert some measure of triumph.

In reassessing the Battle of Sheriffmuir, it's crucial to recognize the complexities of the conflict and the challenges faced by commanders like Mar. His ability to marshal his forces effectively, inflict significant losses on the enemy, and make strategic decisions under pressure, highlights his military acumen, even in the face of an uncertain and complex battlefield scenario.

Exile
Mar subsequently joined the Pretender at Fetteresso. Facing challenging circumstances, both Mar and the Prince sought refuge in France, where Mar would spend the rest of his life. In recognition of his commitment to the Jacobite cause, the Parliament issued a Writ of Attainder for treason against Mar in 1716. This legal action, reflective of the turbulent political times, remained in effect until it was posthumously reversed in 1824. Demonstrating his continued influence and leadership within the Jacobite movement, Mar was appointed as the Jacobite Secretary of State in March 1716, succeeding Henry St John in this significant role.

John Erskine, 6th/23rd Earl of Mar, recognized for his significant contributions to politics, architecture, and urban planning, was a visionary leader and a creative thinker. Bestowed with the Jacobite title of Duke of Mar by James III and VIII, he was a pivotal figure during a transformative era in British history. Created Duke of Mar, Marquess Erskine or Marquess of Stirling, Earl of Kildrummie, Viscount of Garioch, and Lord Alloa, Ferriton and Forrest in the notional Peerage of Scotland in 1715, his titles reflected his esteemed status. Despite the attainder by the government of the Hanoverian George I in the following year, his influence and recognition persisted within Jacobite circles.

Further elevating his stature, he was also created Earl of Mar in the Peerage of England in 1717 and Duke of Mar in the Peerage of Ireland in 1722. Although these titles, with an ordinary remainder to heirs male of the body, became extinct after his son's death in 1766, his legacy endured through his other titles and contributions.

Beyond his noble titles, the Earl of Mar was a forward-thinking individual, especially in the realms of architecture and urban development. His vision extended beyond the Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707, as he sought to integrate England, Ireland, and Scotland as equal partners in a proposed federation with France. This ambitious plan aimed at securing lasting peace across Europe. John Erskine served as Sovereign Grand Commander of the Order of the Fleur de Lys from 1716-1730, with the purpose of re-establishing the Judaic-Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem.

During his 19 years in exile following the Jacobite Rising of 1715, Mar dedicated himself to intellectual pursuits, notably in designing houses and urban improvements. These designs were not just for aesthetic value but were intended to support the infrastructural needs of a restored Stuart monarchy. His work in exile showcased his unwavering commitment to his principles and his homeland, underlining his role as a prominent and influential figure in the historical and cultural narrative of the United Kingdom.

John Erskine, Earl of Mar, actively sought the support of foreign powers for the Stuart cause, demonstrating his commitment to this political endeavor. Over time, however, his standing within the Jacobite movement faced challenges. In 1719, he was involved in orchestrating an invasion plan, leveraging Spain's ongoing war against Britain, though this initiative was ultimately hindered by adverse weather conditions.

In a significant shift in 1721, Mar accepted a pension of £3,500 a year from George I, a decision reflecting his adaptability and pragmatism in a changing political landscape. The following year, his name was mentioned in relation to the trial of Bishop Atterbury, with allegations of Mar's involvement in the bishop's betrayal. However, these claims remained unproven and could be characterized as speculative.

Despite some controversies, Mar's role in these events underscores the complex nature of political alliances and strategies of the time. In 1724, the Pretender distanced himself from Mar, marking a new chapter in Mar's political journey. Mar spent his later years in Paris and Aix-la-Chapelle, where he died in 1732. This period of his life highlights his continued engagement in political affairs and his enduring connection to significant historical events of the era.

Marriage, issue and descendant
John Erskine, Earl of Mar, first married Lady Margaret Hay, daughter of Thomas Hay, 7th Earl of Kinnoull, on 6 April 1703. They had a son, Thomas, born in 1705. Lady Margaret died on 26 April 1707.

Mar's second marriage was to Lady Frances Pierrepont, daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull. This alliance proved beneficial, assisting Mar in addressing the financial challenges inherited from his family. Unfortunately, Lady Frances experienced significant health challenges, suffering from mental illness beginning in 1728, a condition thought to be exacerbated by the difficulties surrounding Mar's exile in France. Despite these challenges, Lady Frances lived a long life, passing away on 4 March 1767. She was laid to rest at St Marylebone Parish Church, Westminster.

Jacobite Era Templarism and the House of Mar
In the 17th century, the interest in Templarism took on a political dimension following the execution of Charles I. It was believed that Stuart partisans created a Templar degree in response to the king's death, drawing a parallel to the execution of Jacques de Molay, the last Grand Master of the Templars, in 1314. The coat of arms of the House of Mar is depicted as 'Quarterly 1st and 4th Azure a bend between six cross crosslets fitched Or.' Notably, this bears a resemblance to the 2nd and 3rd quarters of Jacques de Molay's coat of arms, hinting at a possible shared origin. According to the historian Dom Calmet, it was rumored that Viscount Dundee, an early Templar Grand Master, fell at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689 while wearing the Grand Cross of the Order. Subsequently, the Duke of Mar was said to have assumed the role. The Templar Order then reportedly lay dormant until its revival by Charles Edward Stuart in 1745. An intriguing letter from the 3rd Duke of Perth to the Earl of Airlie, Lord Ogilvy, describes a secret ceremony at Holyrood after the Jacobite victory at Prestonpans. In this ceremony, held on September 24, 1745, the prince was elected Grand Master of the ancient chivalry of the Temple of Jerusalem.

Andrew Ramsay: Templarism and Freemasonry
Andrew Michael Ramsay, a significant figure in the House of Mar's history, was known for his connections to Templarism. Born in 1686, Ramsay was a Scottish author, historian, and orator. He was notably close to John Erskine, Duke of Marr, leader of the influential House of Marr. As a prominent Freemason, Ramsay significantly influenced the development of the Freemasonic Order.

Ramsay's role as a confidant and secretary to the Duke of Marr provided him unique insights into the era's political and military challenges. He was instrumental in the Duke of Mar's efforts to advance Jacobitism, the political movement aimed at restoring the Stuart monarchy in Scotland. In 1722, Ramsay engaged in high-level negotiations concerning a proposed British Government tax on Jacobite exiles' assets, collaborating with John Erskine, Duke of Mar.

Knighted a Chevalier of St.Lazarus, Ramsay also received a patent of nobility from James Francis Stuart, acknowledging his alleged descent from the noble houses of Dalhousie Ramsay and Mar. His Freemasonic contributions were substantial; he is thought to have originated several high Masonic degrees, including the Knight Templar and Royal Arch. His 1737 "oration," delivered to the Grand Lodge of France, is famed for suggesting Templar origins of Freemasonry.

Freemasonry was formally established in France in 1726 through the efforts of Charles Radcliffe, who founded the first Masonic lodge in continental Europe. By December 1736, Radcliffe had ascended to the position of Grand Master of France. During the period when Andrew Michael Ramsay delivered his notable oration, Charles Radcliffe held the position of Sovereign Grand Commander of the Order of the Fleur de Lys, a role he assumed following John Erskine, Duke of Mar.

In November 1745, Charles Radcliffe returned to Scotland, driven by a commitment to support Prince Charles Edward. However, his journey took an unexpected turn when he was captured at sea. Facing the consequences of his earlier sentence, Radcliffe was ultimately executed on Tower Hill on 8 December 1746. Throughout history, Radcliffe has been commemorated for his unwavering bravery and loyalty to the House of Stuart, embodying the spirit of dedication to his cause.

Ramsay's "Oration of the Chevalier Ramsay," delivered in 1737 at the Grand Lodge of France, is a cornerstone in Freemasonry history. It outlined the essential qualities for Freemasons, emphasizing humanity, morality, secrecy, and artistic appreciation. The speech envisioned the Order as a unifying force transcending national and cultural boundaries, creating a 'spiritual empire' where fraternity aligns with universal human interests.

In his oration, Ramsay contrasted the Order's philanthropic foundation with other political institutions' often destructive nature. He described the Order's gatherings as virtuous, focusing on soul-enriching discussions. Ramsay delineated the Order's structure, with teachings on moral, heroic, and Christian virtues at different ranks. The emphasis was on fostering a philosophy of lovability, good citizenship, and devotion to a God of Love, underpinning the Order's focus on "innocent pleasures" and "moderate gaiety."

Freemasonry, Jacobitism, and the Roles of Ramsay and Erskine
Andrew Michael Ramsay, a noted figure in the history of Freemasonry, died in 1743 at St. Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, and was buried in the church cemetery there. His connection with John Erskine, the 6th Earl of Mar, who was created Duke of Mar in the Peerage of Ireland in 1722, highlights the intertwining of Freemasonry with key historical figures of the time. John Erskine's creation as Duke of Mar and the chartering of the Grand Lodge of Ireland were crucial in the development of Freemasonry in Ireland, cementing the fraternity's role as a significant cultural and social institution. These historical events demonstrate the deep connections between Freemasonry, political movements, and influential historical figures of the era.

The history of Freemasonry during this period was marked by the existence of two distinct Grand Lodges in England – the Ancients and the Moderns. Established in 1751, the Ancients were known for their strict adherence to traditional Masonic practices. The Moderns, formed in 1717, adopted a more liberal approach. These Grand Lodges, both based in London, played pivotal roles in the development and spread of Freemasonry.

Laurence Dermott, a significant figure within the Ancients Grand Lodge, authored the original "Ahiman Rezon" in 1756. This influential text, serving as the Grand Lodge's primary source of authority, contained laws, constitutions, and Dermott's interpretations of traditional Masonic practices. It was instrumental in defining the identity and traditions of the Ancients.The formation of the "Original" Grand Lodges, including the Ancient Grand Lodge of England, the Premier Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland, marked the foundation of modern Freemasonry. These Grand Lodges emerged from the consolidation of various local lodges in the early 18th century.

The Grand Lodge of Ireland's establishment in 1725. and the Grand Lodge of Scotland in 1736 were significant responses to the growing influence of the Grand Lodge of London. These developments followed the foundation of the first Masonic lodge, "La Parfaite Égalité," in Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1688 by the Royal Irish Regiment of Foot Guards in exile. This lodge marked an early recorded connection between Freemasonry and Jacobitism. The Ancients Grand Lodge in England maintained a close relationship with the Grand Lodge of Ireland, asserting that their practices and traditions originated from the Irish Masonic tradition. This claim underpinned the Ancients' legitimacy and distinguished them from the Moderns.

The establishment of Grand Lodges in the American colonies, such as Pennsylvania (1761), Virginia (1778), and New York (1781), by the Ancient Grand Lodge of England, further extended Freemasonry's influence. These lodges were known for their commitment to traditional Masonic practices.

"The New Ahiman Rezon," published in 1791 and dedicated to George Washington, was a revision of Dermott's text tailored to the Grand Lodge of Virginia. This publication reflects the evolving nature of Freemasonry in the United States and its growing cultural and social significance.

George Washington embarked on his Masonic journey in the Lodge at Fredericksburg, Virginia, at the age of 20. He was initiated as an Entered Apprentice on November 4, 1752, and contributed two pounds and three shillings for his membership. Progressing swiftly through the ranks, Washington attained the second degree of Fellowcraft on March 3, 1753, just after his 21st birthday, and by August 4 of the same year, he had reached the third degree, becoming a Master Mason.

The Lodge at Fredericksburg, which had been active in Virginia since 1752, received its official warrant from Scotland on July 21, 1758. This period in Freemasonry was marked by significant leadership figures, including Thomas Erskine, Lord Erskine, son of John Erskine, the 6th Earl of Mar. Notably, during the time when George Washington joined the Freemasons, Thomas Erskine was serving as the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Order of the Fleur de Lys, a role he held from 1746 to 1757.

Thomas Erskine’s Masonic journey began in 1736 with his initiation at Lodge Kilwinning Scots Arms, Edinburgh, No.3. His name was recorded second on the list of registrations made by the lodge in 1739. His influence in Freemasonry grew with his election as the Grand Master Mason of Scotland in 1749, significantly boosting interest in the Craft, particularly in Alloa. This rise in local engagement was reflected in the establishment of a Deputy Lodge in Alloa within five years, as evidenced by the names of Alloa men appearing in the minutes of the Lodge of Stirling.

Architectural and Political Contributions
John Erskine of Mar was a prominent figure in Scottish history, renowned for his significant contributions in architecture, politics, and cultural preservation. His architectural interests were particularly evident in his work on ancestral homes and castles in Mar, notably transforming the House of Alloa by integrating traditional Scottish and baroque styles. He also made innovative changes to other Scottish houses, reflecting both his architectural vision and commitment to Scotland's cultural heritage. In addition to architecture, Erskine's political involvement was substantial, engaging deeply in the nation's affairs, from industrialization to landscape designing, particularly during the crucial period of the Parliamentary Union of 1704-1707.

Erskine's influence extended to urban planning, with notable contributions to city plans for Edinburgh, London, and Paris. His Jacobite exile saw him playing a key role in the court's affairs, marked by interactions with prominent figures and experiences across Europe, underscoring his political and international insight. His visionary projects in architecture and urban design are evident in his plans for palaces and houses across Europe. Erskine's personal life, including his family's challenges, eventual pardon, and legacy, as highlighted by the Erskine and Mar monument, paints a picture of a multifaceted individual whose life and work left a lasting impact on Scotland's historical and cultural narrative.

Notable relatives

 * Through his marriage to Lady Frances Pierrepont, Mar was a brother-in-law of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.
 * Mar's brother James Erskine, Lord Grange was a noted judge.
 * Mar's son Thomas Erskine, Lord Erskine served as Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland (1749–1750).
 * Robert Erskine (physician) (Areskine) was the librarian of Peter the Great.

In popular culture
The progressive rock band Genesis wrote a song, "Eleventh Earl of Mar" (found on their Wind & Wuthering album), about Mar and the 1715 Jacobite rising. The lyrics were written by Mike Rutherford, who explains "I had this idea after reading this history book about a failed Scottish rising. I liked the idea of him -- he was a bit gay, a bit camp, and a bit well-dressed."

He was mentioned in a contemporary folk song "Cam Ye O'er Frae France", which was recorded by British folk rock band Steeleye Span.

He was mentioned in the Starz original series, Outlander - season two, episode two, at the 21:50 mark.

The Alloa branch of the Wetherspoons pub chain is named "The Bobbing John" after Mar.