Jonathan Elliot (publisher)

Jonathan Elliot (1784 – March 12, 1846) was an English-American printer, newspaper editor, and publisher of a series of historical document compilations. Immigrating to New York City as an adolescent, he served as a foreign volunteer during the Colombian War of Independence, before returning to the United States for a brief stint of service in the War of 1812. He moved to Washington, D.C., in 1813, where he began work as a newspaper publisher. After the publication of his daily Washington City Gazette was disrupted by the British sack of Washington, he revived the paper as the Washington City Weekly Gazette. After strongly supporting the unsuccessful presidential candidacy of William H. Crawford in 1816, Elliot was rewarded with a series of lucrative printing contracts, which allowed him to return to a daily publication.

Following business conflict with John Quincy Adams and another unsuccessful candidacy by Crawford in 1824, Elliot sold the paper to John Silva Meehan and largely exited the news industry. Later in his career, Elliot published a series of history books and compilations of historical documents. These included the Debates, a three-volume overview of the state ratifying conventions of the Constitution, used as a reference text until the late 20th century, and his Resolutions, detailing the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which he saw as "the most important statement of constitutional federalism". Little is known about Elliot's personal life, beyond that he married twice and had four children. He died in Washington D.C., in March 1846, a year after publishing his final work, The Funding System of the United States and of Great Britain.

Early life
Jonathan Elliot was born near Carlisle, England, in 1784. He emigrated to the United States in 1802, and began work as a printer in New York City. Motivated by political zeal, he traveled to Caracas in 1810 to fight under Simón Bolívar in the Venezuelan War of Independence, where he was severely wounded in combat. Following General Francisco de Miranda's surrender to Spanish forces in 1812, he was taken prisoner, but was able to return to the United States in 1813. He enlisted within the United States Army upon his return, with the intent of serving in the War of 1812, though it is unclear whether he saw combat.

News publications
After his military service, Elliot settled in Washington, D.C. He partnered with two other editors in December 1813 to produce the city's first daily evening newspaper, the Washington City Gazette. The Gazette saw its first publication in January 1814, although it ceased publication following the destruction of his printing press during the British sack of Washington in August 1814. He revived the publication in November 1815 as the Washington City Weekly Gazette. The paper heavily championed Georgia senator William H. Crawford's campaign for the Democratic-Republican nomination in the 1816 United States presidential election, although James Monroe was able to win both the nomination and the general election. Crawford, appointed by Monroe as Secretary of War, rewarded the paper with lucrative printing contracts with the Department of War (and following Crawford's transfer to Treasury Secretary, the Department of the Treasury.)

The paper returned to daily status in 1817 as the City of Washington Gazette, funded by increased patronage and government printing contracts. Although continuing to favor Crawford, Elliot offered support to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential election in exchange for printing contracts. Adams had previously hired Elliot for printing services, but refused further commissions due to high prices. Elliot threatened to sink Adams' campaign, claiming that he had previously prevented John C. Calhoun from becoming president, but Adams continued to reject his services. Adams later described Elliot as "having no character of his own—penurious and venal—metal to receive any stamp." Elliot once again rallied support for Crawford, but the campaign collapsed after Crawford suffered a stroke.In early 1826, the Gazette was sold to John Silva Meehan, who renamed the paper the United States' Telegraph. Elliot largely retired from journalism, although briefly worked as an editor for We the People, an anti-Jacksonian and pro-Henry Clay campaign paper published from March to November 1828.

History publications
Following his retirement from news publication, Elliot began publishing various history books and compilations of historical documents. His three-volume Debates (1827–1830), covering the adoption of the Constitution by state ratifying conventions, remained the sole scholarly source until the late 20th century, although faced later academic criticism for possible partisan bias. He may have published the work in order to support Calhoun, despite previously opposing the candidate. Elliot's Debates was republished in seven different editions, each varying slightly: as a result, the work has been described as a "bibliographical brainteaser". Elliot apologized for any shortcomings in the preface to the first edition of the Debates, writing "the sentiments they contain may, in some instances, have been inaccurately taken down." Such errors may have been exacerbated by inaccurate shorthand reporting during the conventions.

Later in 1827, he published the Diplomatic Code of the United States of America. An 1832 2nd edition of Elliot's Code was adopted by Secretary of State Louis McLane as a standard text for the State Department. In 1830, Elliot published a history of Washington, D.C., titled Historical Sketches of the Ten Miles Square Forming the District of Columbia. His 1832 Resolutions included various excerpts related to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which Elliot viewed as "the most important statement of constitutional federalism" and "the true principles of the constitution." In 1845, he published his final work, a compilation of American and British treasury reports and public debt debates entitled The Funding Systems of the United States and of Great Britain.

Personal life and death
Little is known of Elliot's personal life, leading to his description as a "phantom" and "bibliographic abstraction" by the Dictionary of American Biography. An obituary described him as "frank, generous, warm-hearted". He married twice, and had four children. He died in Washington D.C., on March 12, 1846.