José de Córdoba y Ramos



José de Córdoba y Ramos (Utrera, September 26, 1732 – Cádiz, April 3, 1815) was a Spanish explorer and naval officer who sailed around the world and fought in several battles while in the service of the Spanish Navy.

Biography
Born into a family of sailors, he was the son of Don Ramón Antonio de Córdova-Lasso de la Vega y Córdova-Lasso de la Vega, and Doña Mariana Josefa Ramos de Garay y Mexiá.

Córdoba took to the seas at the age of 13. After sailing under Andrés Reggio, he was appointed to sail his own ship from Cádiz to Manila Bay via the Cape of Good Hope. In command of the frigate Astrea, he set sail in April 1770 with a crew of 289 men. Arriving in Manila Bay, he affirmed that he only had two patients with scurvy, pointing out that the low incidence of scurvy was due to the gaspacho that he ordered to be given to the crew. Setting course back to Spain on January 6, 1771, he arrived at the Isla de León on August 1, 1771. Later in his career he sailed several times to the Philippines, where he oversaw improvements in the design of the Manila Galleon.

On September 21, 1789, he became Teniente general (lieutenant general) of the Navy. At the outbreak of war with Britain in 1796, he was put in command of the Spanish fleet. While in command of the fleet he suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797) on board the Santísima Trinidad (which was successfully attacked by Commodore Horatio Nelson and after surrendering Córdoba's flagship was only saved because of the intervention of two other Spanish ships).

After St Vincent, Córdoba was dismissed from the Spanish Navy and forbidden from appearing at court.

Family
He married Julia de Rojas and they had one son, José de Córdoba y Rojas, a loyalist commander in the Spanish American wars of independence. He was also the grandfather of:
 * Luis Fernández de Córdova, general in the Carlist Wars, diplomat and Marquis of Mendigorría
 * Fernando Fernández de Córdova, fought in the Carlist Wars, politician and Prime minister of Spain for one day.

Links

 * José de Córdova y Ramos: Circunvaló el globo terráqueo, article in ABC Journal, Seville edition by Ignacio Fernández Vial.
 * Kurzbiographie Vizeadmiral Jose de Cordoba y Ramos de Garay