Kaimei Maru

Kaimei Maru was a Japanese troop transport ship operated by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II which was sunk off Honshu on 4 September 1942 by the American submarine USS Guardfish (SS-217). The ship was a British WWI Type B military cargo ship built by the Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock Company.

Construction and commissioning
Kaimei Maru, then known as British ship War Bomber, was ordered by London's Shipping Controller and was built at the Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock. It was launched in Hong Kong on 1 August 1919 from Yard No. 563. War Bomber was configured as a British WWI Type B Standard cargo ship although its specifications were larger in scale than standard for ships of this class. Indeed, War Bomber was the largest ship built to date at any Hong Kong dockyard with a length of 400 ft, a width of 52 ft and a depth of 31 feet. War Bomber displaced 5,226 tons with a record deadweight tonnage of 8,000 tons. The launch was attended by Sir Catchick Paul Chater, then Director of the Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock Company and by Sir Claud Severn, the acting Governor of Hong Kong. Later in October 1919, the Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock Company would also launch War Bomber's sister ship, War Trooper.

Belgian service
During the vessel's tenure as a Belgian ship, she was called Pioneer. Pioneer was purchased by Lloyd Royal Belge of Antwerp where she continued service for a decade until she was transferred to Compagnie Maritime Belge, also of Antwerp, which had acquired Belgian shipowner Lloyd Royal Belge in 1930. Pioneer continued her Belgian service for another decade before being sold to Panamanian shipowner Agencia Maritima Carmar in 1939 where she was renamed as Carmar.

Panamanian service
In 1939, Kaimei Maru, then known as Carmar, was purchased by the Agencia Maritima Carmar Ltda. of Panama. In 1941, Carmar was sold to Kaiyo Kisen K. K. of Kobe, Japan.

Japanese service
On 13 November 1941, Kaimei Maru was requisitioned by the Imperial Japanese Army for service as a troop transport.

Invasion of the Philippines
Kaimei Maru was assigned to Army group 262, which supported the 14th Army troops, comprising elements of the 16th Division and 48th Division taking part in the Invasion of the Philippines. During the invasion, Kaimei Maru was one of around 20 Japanese army transports ferrying roughly 7,000 troops under the command of Count Hisaichi Terauchi, Lt. General Masaharu Homma and Maj. General Susumu Morioka for the campaign's operations around Lamon Bay, Luzon in December 1941. The invasion fleet was supported by elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) including the IJN Southern Force under Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondō, IJN Philippines Invasion Group under Vice Admiral Ibō Takahashi and specialist forces of the Philippines Invasion Unit, 1st Base Force HQ under Rear Admiral Kyuji Kubo in command of JAPANESE CRUISER Nagara.

The Japanese invasion fleet departed from Koniya, Amami Oshima at 1500 on 17 December 1941 consisting of the transport ships Kaimei Maru, Bengal Maru, SS Dainichi Maru,  Durban Maru,  Kayo Maru,  Kitano Maru,  Kofuku Maru,  Lisbon Maru,  Nagato Maru,  Nichiren Maru,  Ryoka Maru,  Ryuyo Maru,  Shinsei Maru,  Shinshu Maru,  Taian Maru,  Tatsuno Maru,  Tofuku Maru,  Toyama Maru,  Toyohashi Maru and  Tamon Maru No. 5. The IJN escort fleet consisted of the light cruiser Nagara, the heavy cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Ashigara, destroyers JAPANESE DESTROYER Tokitsukaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Yukikaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Kawakaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Suzukaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Umikaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Yamakaze, minelayers JAPANESE MINELAYER Aotaka and Ikushima Maru, minesweepers No. W-7 and No. W-8, subchasers JAPANESE SUBMARINE CHASER Shonan Maru No. 17 and JAPANESE SUBMARINE CHASER Takunan Maru No. 5 and auxiliary gunboats JAPANESE GUNBOAT Busho Maru, JAPANESE GUNBOAT Keiko Maru, JAPANESE GUNBOAT Kanko Maru and JAPANESE GUNBOAT Myoken Maru and auxiliary netlayer Fukuei Maru No. 15. The fleet arrived at Lamon Bay at 02:00 on 24 December 1941 and the landings were relatively uncontested.

Convoy duties
On 26 January 1942, Kaimei Maru departed Qingdao heading south in a convoy together with Durban Maru, Fuji Maru, Kayo Maru, Kofuku Maru, Lisbon Maru, Nichiren Maru, Shinsei Maru and  Ume Maru. The convoy was escorted by the destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Hasu, Shinko Maru No. 1 and minelayer JAPANESE MINELAYER Sokuten. The convoy arrived safely at the Taichow Islands on 30 January 1942.

On 2 February 1942, Kaimei Maru departed Mako in a convoy to Haiphong, Vichy Indochina together with Durban Maru, Fuji Maru, Kayo Maru, Kofuku Maru, Lisbon Maru, Shinsei Maru and Ume Maru. The convoy was escorted by torpedo boat JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Kasasagi. While the convoy was exiting the harbor, Lisbon Maru struck a Japanese defensive mine resulting in the loss of 19 hands. Lisbon Maru was towed to a nearby island and beached.

Later in 1942, Kaimei Maru was sold to Tochigi Shoji K.K. of Wakamatsu-ku.

Sinking
In early September 1942, Kaimei Maru departed Nagoya for Karafuto Prefecture via Otaru to pick up coal in a convoy together with Chita Maru and  Tenryu Maru.

On 4 September 1942, United States Navy submarine USS Guardfish (SS-217), on her first patrol, attacked Kaimei Maru's convoy at Kuji Bay off the northeastern coast of Honshu. At 16:40, the American submarine fired a torpedo which impacted the hold of Kaimei Maru. Kaimei Maru sank at 17:20 with the loss of ten crew at. During the action, Guardfish also sank the cargo ship Tenryu Maru and the freighter Chita Maru. At the time of her sinking, Kaimei Maru was still owned by Tochigi Shoji KK of Wakamatsu-ku.