Kalkatungu language

Kalkatungu (also Kalkutungu, Galgadungu, Kalkutung, Kalkadoon, or Galgaduun) is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language formerly spoken around the area of Mount Isa and Cloncurry, Queensland.

Classification
Apart from the closely related language, Wakabunga, Kalkatungu is sometimes grouped with Yalarnnga as the Kalkatungic (Galgadungic) branch of the Pama–Nyungan family. O'Grady et al., however, classify it as the sole member of the "Kalkatungic group" of the Pama-Nyungan family, and Dixon (2002) regards Kalkatungic as an areal group.

Revival
Emeritus Professor Barry Blake, Sheree Blackley and others have revived the language based on recordings, written grammars and personal memories. Robert Ah Wing, assisted by Uncle Arthur Peterson is also active in this field. Often, emphasis is placed on belonging, passing on elements of language to younger Kalkatungu.

Consonants
It is not clear if the vibrant is a trill or a tap.

Stress
Like in English, word stress is realised in terms of loudness. Sentence stress is also organised similar to English with the first syllable in the final word of a phonological phrase getting the main stress. (tonic stress) Moreover, if there are more than two words in a phrase, the first syllable of the first word receives more stress than the non-final words.

Vocabulary
Below is a basic vocabulary list from Blake (1981).


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! English !! Kalkatungu
 * man || yurru
 * woman || marabai
 * mother || mardu
 * father || kurla
 * head || kaṉṯa
 * eye || miḻṯi
 * nose || ityintyi
 * ear || iṉṯa
 * mouth || aṉṯa
 * tongue || marli
 * tooth || ardiṉḏa
 * hand || magaṯi
 * breast || mimi
 * stomach || putu
 * urine || kurkai
 * faeces || unu
 * thigh || nguḻṯu
 * foot || ṯapandu
 * bone || kunka
 * blood || ultyi
 * dog || ṯugu
 * snake || ṯuat
 * kangaroo || matyumba
 * possum || mirramba
 * fish || wakari
 * spider || kubu
 * mosquito || migara
 * emu || udingat
 * eaglehawk || uḻuyan
 * crow || waagarla
 * sun || pintyamu
 * moon || tuṉḏal
 * star || tyirka
 * stone || ndia
 * water || kuu
 * camp || muu
 * fire || utyan
 * smoke || purlu
 * food || maa
 * meat || adi
 * stand || nanbi
 * sit || ini
 * see || na-
 * go || ingga
 * get || mani
 * hit, kill || ḻai
 * I || ngai
 * you || nyini
 * one || ayat
 * two || lyuwadi
 * }
 * spider || kubu
 * mosquito || migara
 * emu || udingat
 * eaglehawk || uḻuyan
 * crow || waagarla
 * sun || pintyamu
 * moon || tuṉḏal
 * star || tyirka
 * stone || ndia
 * water || kuu
 * camp || muu
 * fire || utyan
 * smoke || purlu
 * food || maa
 * meat || adi
 * stand || nanbi
 * sit || ini
 * see || na-
 * go || ingga
 * get || mani
 * hit, kill || ḻai
 * I || ngai
 * you || nyini
 * one || ayat
 * two || lyuwadi
 * }
 * food || maa
 * meat || adi
 * stand || nanbi
 * sit || ini
 * see || na-
 * go || ingga
 * get || mani
 * hit, kill || ḻai
 * I || ngai
 * you || nyini
 * one || ayat
 * two || lyuwadi
 * }
 * hit, kill || ḻai
 * I || ngai
 * you || nyini
 * one || ayat
 * two || lyuwadi
 * }
 * one || ayat
 * two || lyuwadi
 * }
 * two || lyuwadi
 * }

Kalkatungu Sign Language
Kendon (1988) shows that Kalkatungu also had a developed signed form of their language.