Karandighi

Karandighi is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Islampur subdivision of Uttar Dinajpur district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dalkhola, Uttar Dinajpur was established in 2005. The school is temporariliy running at Teest Colony, Dalkhola, Uttar Dinajpur. It is adjacent to Primary Health Center, Dalkhola on NH 34. The land for the construction of permanent building has been transferred and construction work is about to start at Village Sima Anandapur of Panchayat Raniganj. The temporary site is about 3.5 Km from Dalkhola Railway Station.

History
Historically the western frontier of ancient Pundravardhana kingdom, bordering ancient Anga of Mahabharat fame, the Dinajpur area remained somewhat obscure in the major empires that held sway over the region and beyond till the rise of the Dinajpur Raj during the Mughal period. Some areas later forming a part of Uttar Dinajpur were parts of kingdoms in Nepal. Dinajpur district was constituted by the British in 1786, with a portion of the estate of Dinajpur Raj. Subsequent to the Permanent Settlement in 1793, the semi-independent Dinajpur Raj was further broken down and some of its tracts were transferred to the neighbouring British districts of Purnea, Malda, Rajshahi and Bogra. In 1947, the Radcliffe Line placed the Sadar and Thakurgaon subdivisions of Dinajpur district in East Pakistan. The Balurghat subdivision of Dinajpur district was reconstituted as West Dinajpur district in West Bengal. Raiganj subdivision was formed in 1948.

In order to restore territorial links between northern and southern parts of West Bengal which had been snapped during the partition of Bengal, and on the recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission a portion of the erstwhile Kishanganj subdivision comprising Goalpokhar, Islampur and Chopra thanas (police stations) and parts of Thakurganj thana, along with the adjacent parts of the erstwhile Gopalpur thana in Katihar subdivision were transferred from Purnea district in Bihar to West Bengal in 1956, and were formally incorporated into Raiganj subdivision in West Dinajpur. The township of Kishanganj and its entire municipal boundary remained within Bihar. Islampur subdivision was formed in March 1959. At the same time, the portion of Chopra PS lying to the north of the Mahananda river covering an area that now comprises Bidhannagar-1 gram panchayat, Bidhannagar-2 GP, Chathat-Bansgaon GP and the southern half of Phansidewa-Bansgaon Kismat GP in Darjeeling district, was transferred from West Dinajpur to the jurisdiction of Phansidewa PS in Darjeeling district. With the introduction of the Community Development Programme in 1960–61, community development blocks were set up in West Dinajpur district.

In 1992, West Dinajpur district was bifurcated and Uttar Dinajpur district was established.

Geography
Karandighi is located at Uttar Dinajpur district of West-Bengal state, India. The latitude 22.57 and longitude 88.36 are the geocoordinate of the Karandighi.

Uttar Dinajpur district has a flat topography and slopes gently from north to south. All rivers flow in that direction. Except for the eastern fringes of Chopra CD Block, most of the district is a part of the catchment area of the Mahanada and also a part of the larger Barind Tract. The soil is composed of different varieties of alluvium. The main rivers are: Nagar, Mahananda, Kulik, Gamari, Chhiramati (Srimati) and Tangon. The rivers have little water in the dry season but with heavy rains, during monsoon, overflow the banks. The Nagar River flows along the international border with Bangladesh and then forms the boundary between Karandighi and Raiganj CD Blocks. Sudan river flows through Karandighi CD Block.

Karandighi CD Block is bounded by Goalpokhar I and Goalpokhar II CD Blocks on the north, Haripur Upazila in Thakurgaon District of Bangladesh and Raiganj CD Block on the east, Balrampur CD Block in Katihar district of Bihar on the south and Balrampur CD Block and Baisi and Amour CD Blocks in Purnia district of Bihar on the west.

Approximately 206 km of the India-Bangladesh border is in Uttar Dinajpur district. It covers the eastern boundary of the district. On the western side Uttar Dinajpur district has 227 km boundary with Bihar.

Karandighi CD Block (including Dalkhola) has an area of 390.52 km2.It has 1 panchayat samity, 13 gram panchayats, 212 gram sansads (village councils), 214 mouzas and 200 inhabited villages. Karandighi police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Karandighi.

Uttar Dinajpur district is one of the smaller districts in the state and stands 15th in terms of area (3,140.00 km2) in the state.

Gram panchayats of Karandighi block/ panchayat samiti are: Altapur I, Altapur II, Rasakhowa I, Rasakhowa II, Bazargaon I, Bazargaon II, Dalkhola, Domohona, Karandighi I, Karandighi II, Lahutara I, Lahutara II, and Raniganj.

Population
As per the 2011 Census of India, Karandighi CD Block had a total population of 368,332, all of which were rural. There were 188,572 (51%) males and 179,760 (49) females. Population below 6 years was 66,984. Scheduled Castes numbered 107,936 (29.30%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 28,773 (7.81%).

In the 2001 census, Karandighi community development bloc had a population of 318,793, of which 163,876 were males and 154,917 were females. Decadal growth for the period 1991 to 2001 was 38.53%, against 28,72% for Uttar Dinajpur district.

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Karandighi CD Block were (2011 population in brackets): Bagela (6,122), Raniganj (6,609), Bhulki (5,193), Gopalpur (7,109), Rautara (4,260), Bhabanipur  (4,509), Khanta (6,457), Andharia (5,011), Bajargaon (5,296), Fatepur (4,676), Kochra (5,256), Dulepur (4,243), Sabdhan (5,834), Lahutara (4,324), Sohar (4,893), Jujhapur (8,665), Kamartor (4,995) and Raghopur (8,434).

Other villages in Karandighi CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Altapur (3,092).

Decadal Population Growth Rate (%)

Note: The CD Block data for 1971–1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001 is for Karandighi PS covering the block

The decadal growth of population in Karandighi CD Block in 2001-2011 was 15.51%. The decadal growth of population in Karandighi PS in 1991-2001 was 30.57%, in 1981-91 was 36.03% and in 1971-81 was 38.40%. The decadal growth rate of population in Uttar Dinajpur district was as follows: 30.2% in 1971–81, 34.0% in 1981–91, 28.7% in 1991-2001 and 23.2% in 2001–11. The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 13.93% in 2001–2011, 17.77% in 1991–2001. 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971–1981.

Uttar Dinajpur district has the highest decadal population growth rate in West Bengal with a figure of 23.2% for the decade 2001-2011 and is much higher than the state average of 13.8%.

According to the Human Development Report for Uttar Dinajpur district, population growth in the area that later became Uttar Dinajpur district was low in the pre-independence era and started picking up with the waves of East Bengali refugees coming in from erstwhile East Pakistan. Despite the formation of an international border in 1947, none of the PS areas in the area which later formed Islampur SD showed much increase in settlement density between 1941 and 1951, and accelerated settlement only came into evidence in this region after 1961, following their transfer from Bihar to West Bengal. Thus, as population growth in the Uttar Dinajpur region accelerated considerably under the impetus of partition migration after 1951, the Islampur SD areas offered additional living space, easing the overall migration pressure on the region.

The Human Development Report analyses, “A spurt in population growth rates first became evident between 1951-1961, and was further magnified between 1971-81 after the creation of Bangladesh when population growth in most districts bordering the Bangladesh-West Bengal frontier showed similar escalation. However, after 1981, when population growth in most other West Bengal districts had tapered off, growth rates in Uttar Dinajpur again showed a fresh spurt. Thus, no deceleration in population growth rates occurred in the district until after 1991… In addition to Hindu and tribal migrants from across the international border, a sizeable number of migrant Muslims have also settled in the district, mainly driven by economic reasons… migrants from other states comprised 23% of the total migrants residing in Uttar Dinajpur.” The large number of migrants from other states is mainly from the neighbouring areas in Bihar.

A study by North Bengal University has observed that “Immigrants from East Pakistan/Bangladesh have arrived in Uttar Dinajpur in almost equal numbers before and after 1971.”  The Human Development Report opines, “The overall post-Partition impact on the rates of demographic growth has been particularly strong in all North Bengal districts. Despite its smaller relative size, the region has received more migration in pro rata terms than the West Bengal districts lying south of the Ganga.”

Literacy
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Karandighi CD Block was 160,973 (53.42% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 93,115 (60.42% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 67,858 (46.08% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 14.34%.

The literacy rate in Uttar Dinajpur district at 60.13% in 2011, up from 47.89% in 2001, was the lowest amongst all districts of West Bengal. The highest literacy rate amongst the districts of West Bengal was that of Purba Medinipur district at 87.66% in 2011.

According to the Human Development Report for Uttar Dinajpur district, “Goalpokhar-1, Goalpokhar-2, Karandighi and Islampur blocks in that order stood at the very bottom of the literacy scale in the state. This pooling of illiteracy within Islampur SD also led to the low ranking of Uttar Dinajpur at 494th position out of 595 Indian districts in terms of literacy rates in 2001, despite which its rank had improved considerably in relative terms from the 523rd rank it had occupied in 1991.”

The five blocks transferred from the state of Bihar to form a new subdivision in West Dinajpur in 1959 had until 1956 been part of the Kishanganj region which is still characterised by a low overall literacy rate of 31 percent in 2006–07, against which the corresponding rate for Uttar Dinajpur as a whole is a literacy rate of 48 percent... “Like Kishanganj which is now a full-fledged Bihar district, Islampur SD too has a largely rural profile, a large Muslim population and deep concentration of rural poverty”... Persisting regional disparities in access to education and infrastructure, rather than the response and enthusiasm of the local people are largely responsible for making Uttar Dinajpur the least literate district in West Bengal. “Thus, a major challenge facing the district relates to the improvement of educational attainments of the weaker social sections and women, especially among the Muslim community which has a dominant presence in the Islampur SD region… A huge gulf separates the Muslim literacy rate of 36 percent in Uttar Dinajpur from the Muslim literacy rate of 58 percent achieved by West Bengal as a whole.”

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

See also - Literacy in Bihar

Language and religion
In the 2011 census, Muslims numbered 197,832 and formed 53.71% of the population in Karandighi CD Block. Hindus numbered 168,462 and formed 45.74% of the population. Christians numbered 1,460 and formed 0.40% of the population. Others numbered 578 and formed 0.16% of the population. In Karandighi CD Block, as per the District Statistical Handbook for Uttar Dinajpur, while the proportion of Muslims increased from 47.25% in 1991 to 49.36% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 52.42% in 1991 to 49.95% in 2001.

In the 2011 census, Uttar Dinajpur district had 1,501,170 Muslims who formed 49.92% of the population, 1,482,943 Hindus who formed 49.31% of the population, 16,702 Christians who formed 0.56% of the population and 6,319 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.23% of the population. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 45.3% in 1991 to 49.9% in 2011, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 54.2% in 1991 to 49.2% in 2011.

At the time of the 2011 census, 72.02% of the population spoke Bengali, 6.35% Santali, 6.02% Surjapuri, 3.76% Hindi, 2.68% Rajbongshi and 1.38% Urdu as their first language. 3.82% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Bengali in the census.

The Human Development Report for Uttar Dinajpur describes the Islampur subdivision as “a region where Urdu and Hindi are widely spoken as a first language because of the prior transfer of this territory to West Bengal from Bihar”

Rural poverty
As per the Rural Household Survey conducted in 2002, 37.2% of the rural families in Karandighi CD Block belonged to the BPL category, against 46.7% of rural families in Uttar Dinajpur district being in the BPL category. As per the Human Development Report for Uttar Dinajpur district, Islampur and Karandighi rank sixth and seventh in terms of human development, with respective Human Development Index (HDIs) that indicate the existence of a wide human development gap between them and the lowest ranked Raiganj SD block of Itahar. However, in terms of the concentration of human poverty, they occupy a more favourable position than Itahar.

Livelihood
In Karandighi CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 30,532 and formed 20.45%, agricultural labourers numbered 64,933 and formed 43.49%, household industry workers numbered 13,301 and formed 8.91% and other workers numbered  40,538 and formed 27.15%. Total workers numbered 149,304 and formed 40.54% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 219,028 and formed 59.46% of the population. Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.

Infrastructure
There are 200 inhabited villages in Karandighi CD Block. All 200 villages (100%) have power supply. All 200 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 18 villages (9.00%) have post offices. 176 villages (88.00%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 103 villages (51.50%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 58 villages (29.00%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 3 villages (1.50%) have agricultural credit societies. 7 villages (3.50%) have banks.

Agriculture
“With its distinctive physiographic and agroclimatic features, the Dinajpur region has been a bread-basket area of Bengal for many centuries, growing multiple varieties of fine and coarse rice in vast quantities, along with major economic crops like jute. The livelihood profile of Uttar Dinajpur district has evolved in association with these old agricultural patterns, and more than two-thirds of its active workforce still draws livelihoods directly from agriculture and related occupations.”

Agricultural potential has been uneven across Uttar Dinajpur based on soil conditions and irrigation potential. This has generated considerable internal migration within the district, as areas with higher agricultural potential and higher labour demand has attracted large number of people. The impact of land reforms has also varied. As the Islampur subdivision blocks evolved initially under the Bihar administration, the land estates were larger in size and the extent of land acquired under ceiling laws were higher. The cultivator population in Islampur subdivision was also thinner. Such conditions have been favourable for migrants. The movement of people from agricultural activities to non-agricultural activities has been low in Uttar Dinajpur district except for some pockets.

Karandighi CD Block had 143 fertiliser depots, 14 seed stores and 49 fair price shops in 2013–14.

In 2013–14, Karandighi CD Block produced 47,741 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop from 20,985 hectares, 1,881 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 861 hectares, 13,464 tonnes of wheat from 5,736 hectares, 1,984 tonnes of maize from 815 hectares, 118,313 tonnes of jute from 7,877 hectares, 37,365 tonnes of potatoes from 1,564 hectares and 31,370 tonnes of sugar cane from 300 hectares.. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Karandighi CD Block was 788 hectares, out of which 68 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation and 720 hectares by deep tube wells.

Craft based activities
“More than eleven hundred rural households across the district are engaged in traditionalcrafts based industries, among which dhokra mat making, terracotta, village pottery and bamboo craft in the Goalpokhar-1 and Kaliaganj regions are notable.”

Beedi industry
“A flourishing beedi binding industry has taken root in Karandighi which engages vast numbers of rural women as informal home based workers.”

Banking
In 2012–13, Karandighi CD Block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 4 gramin banks.

Backward Regions Grant Fund
Uttar Dinajpur district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.

Transport
Karandighi CD Block has 1 ferry service, 3 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 15 km from CD Block headquarters

The Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line passes through western edge of Karandighi CD Block and there is a station at Dalkhola, outside the CD Block, but adjacent to it. In the early 1960s, when Farakka Barrage was being constructed, a far reaching change was made. Indian Railways constructed a new broad-gauge rail link from south Bengal to connect North Bengal.

National Highway 12 (old number NH 34) passes through Karandighi village and Karandighi CD Block and meets National Highway 27 at Dalkhola.

Education
In 2012–13, Karandighi CD Block had 145 primary schools with 29,891 students, 9 middle schools with 1,437 students, 4 high schools with 6,689 students and 20 higher secondary schools with 27,422 students. Karandighi CD Block had 664 institutions for special and non-formal education with 51,519 students.

As per the 2011 census, in Karandighi CD Block, amongst the 200 inhabited villages, 11 villages did not have a school, 145 villages had 1 or more primary schools, 44 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 22 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.

The mid-day meal programme for rural school children was launched in 2005 in Uttar Dinajpur district. As on 30 April 2015, 602,557 children in 3,006 schools were covered under this programme.

Healthcare
In 2013, Karandighi CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 2 primary health centres, with total 46 beds and 7 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 48 family welfare subcentres. 7,896 patients were treated indoor and 403,264 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.

Karandighi rural hospital at Karandighi (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Karandighi CD block. There are primary health centres at Dalkhola (with 6 beds), Rasakbowa (with 10 beds).