Khalid Sheldrake

Khalid Sheldrake (1888–1947), originally Bertram "Bertie" William Sheldrake, was an English pickle manufacturer and philanthropist who later converted to Islam. In 1934, he was briefly declared king of the short-lived state of Islamestan in the Xinjiang region of China during the Warlord era. However, he never took power before the state's defeat.

Early life
Sheldrake was the son of Gosling Mullander Sheldrake (usually called "George"), a condiment manufacturer of southeast London. Sheldrake was raised a Roman Catholic but in 1903 he converted to Islam and changed his name to Khalid.

In 1920 Sheldrake founded a journal called Britain and India. He also founded the Muslim News Journal and was editor of a monthly magazine called The Minaret. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of literature from Ecuador.

Sheldrake helped to found the Fazl Mosque in Southfields, southwest London, which opened in 1926. Sheldrake then founded mosques in Peckham Rye and East Dulwich in southeast London. He founded the Western Islamic Association, which opened a branch in South Shields in 1930.

Sheldrake married a woman called Sybil, who converted to Islam and changed her name to Ghazia. They had two sons. They made their family home in suburban Forest Hill, London, from which Sheldrake commuted to the family pickle factory in Denmark Hill.

Sheldrake sought to convert fellow-Britons to Islam. In 1932 he conducted the conversion of Gladys Milton Palmer, wife of Bertram Willes Dayrell Brooke, aboard a chartered Imperial Airways 42-seat airliner over the English Channel. Gladys was the daughter of Huntley & Palmers biscuit magnate Walter Palmer, and Brooke was the son of Charles Vyner Brooke, the last Rajah of Sarawak. Sheldrake renamed her "Khair-ul-Nissa" ("Fairest of women").

King of Islamestan
In the early 1930s, a series of rebellions among the mostly Muslim population of Xinjiang deprived the local governor, who had pledged allegiance to the Republic of China, of control of the region. Several short-lived Islamic states were founded, including the First East Turkestan Republic (commonly called the ETR) and the Khotan Emirate. The ETR sought international recognition but was opposed by all powers with influence in the region: China, Afghanistan, Japan, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom.

In 1933, Sheldrake welcomed an ETR delegation to his home in Forest Hill and accepted their invitation to become overlord of "Sinkiang", soon after he departed for China. En route, he visited Muslim communities in the Philippines, Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore. On 3 October 1933 he reached Hong Kong aboard the US ocean liner SS President Coolidge.

In Hong Kong, Sheldrake gave a series of lectures on Islam. He confided to a South China Morning Post reporter that he had been offered kingship of Sinkiang, but swore the reporter to secrecy. The SCMP did not publish the story until 30 March 1934, more than a fortnight after The New York Times had revealed that Sheldrake had accepted the ETR's invitation to become king.

Sheldrake travelled via Shanghai to Beijing, where he arrived in May 1934 and took a room in the CIGH Hôtel. Despite Chinese police surveillance an ETR delegation visited Sheldrake at the hôtel and repeated their offer to make him their head of state. Sheldrake accepted the title of "His Majesty King Khalid of Islamestan".

Sheldrake then visited Japan and Thailand to fulfil lecture engagements. UK newspapers nicknamed Sheldrake "The Pickle King of Tartary", "The English Emir of Kashgar", "Lord of the Rooftop of the World" and "The Suburban King of Tartary". Ghazia travelled from London to the Far East to join Sheldrake. Together the couple left Beijing and travelled by camel train toward Kashgar, which was to be their capital.

However, by June 1934 Sheldrake's prospects were being undermined by rumours. It was alleged that he wanted to steal Xinjiang's jade deposits, or that he was a UK spy, or that were he crowned king, the UK would control Xinjiang. The Soviet newspaper Izvestia alleged that were Khalid crowned, the British Empire would annex Xinjiang as Japan had done to Manchuria. China and Japan also opposed the intended coronation, and Afghan Muslims withdrew their support.

In early August the Sheldrakes were approaching Xinjiang but found that the coalition of factions that created the ETR had disintegrated into violence and Soviet-backed forces led by the warlord Sheng Shicai (盛世才) were restoring Chinese control. Without reaching Xinjiang the couple fled to British India with some of the leaders of what had been the ETR. The Sheldrakes stayed in Hyderabad and then returned to England.

Later life
Sheldrake continued to give lectures on Turkestan after his return to Britain but found little interest. He continued to raise funds for new mosques and Muslim charities. He travelled in north Africa and central Europe, and served his family business by buying sour pickles in Turkey. In World War II he worked for the British Council in Ankara. He returned to the UK in 1944 and died in 1947.