Killivalavan

Killivalavan (கிள்ளிவளவன்) was a Tamil king of the Early Cholas mentioned in Sangam literature, and of a period close to that of Nedunkilli and Nalankilli. We have no definite details about this Chola or his reign. The only information we have is from the fragmentary poems of Sangam in the Purananuru.

More than one Killivalavan
There are a number of poems in Purananuru sung in praise of the Killivalavan who died at Kulamuttram (Kulamuttrathu Tunjiya Killivalavan) and a solitary poem of another Killivalavan who died at Kurappalli. As Kovur Kilar is the poet who has written about these two Killis, it is reasonable to suppose that these two kings are identical.

Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam
The Vimana of Srirangam temple originally came out of "parkadal" with the penance of Brahma Deva. This God was brought down by the ancestors of Rama called Ikshvaku. This god was worshiped by all kings in the family. The Incarnation of Lord Vishnu called Rama was the 80th king in this verse and also performed poojas to this Vimana. After killing Ravana and reaching ayodhya he gave this Vimana to Vibishana (brother of Ravana) as a symbol of love. While He took this Vimana and was traveling towards Sri Lanka, Lord Vishnu wanted to stay here which made the Vimanam to stick on the region now called Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple, on the banks of River Cauvery. Then Chola kings namely Dharmavarcholan and KilliValavan developed the shrine into Big Temple seen now. They have laid the basic foundations and primary buildings of the great Temple.} The temple also has mentions in Sangam literature that it has been worshiped by many of the Sangam era (500 BCE to the 300 CE ), there are mentions in many books like Akanaṉūṟu, Purananuru, Paripāṭal and Silapadikaram.

Example:- Silapadikaram (book 11, lines 35–40):

Tamil ஆயிரம் விரித்தெழு தலையுடை அருந்திறற் பாயற் பள்ளிப் பலர்தொழு தேத்த விரிதிரைக் காவிரி வியன்பெருந் துருத்தித் திருவமர் மார்பன் கிடந்த வண்ணமும்

Transliteration āyiram viritteḻu talaiyuṭai aruntiṟaṟ pāyaṟ paḷḷip palartoḻu tētta viritiraik kāviri viyaṉperu turuttit tiruvamar mārpaṉ kiṭanta vaṇṇamum

On a magnificent cot having a thousand heads spread out, worshipped and praised by many, in an islet surrounded by Kaveri with billowing waves, is the lying posture of the one who has Lakshmi sitting in his chest.}

Killivalavan’s Reign
Killivalavan is celebrated in eighteen songs by ten different minstrels and himself figures as the author of a poem sung in praise of his friend Pannan who was the chieftain of Sirukudi (Purananuru – 173). Urayur was the capital of Killivalavan (Purananuru – 69).

Killivalavan was a capable king and was both brave and generous, but somewhat headstrong. A great deal of good advice was very tactfully offered to him by the poets.

Siege of Karur
The siege and capture of the Chera capital Karur was the standout military achievement of Killivalavan’s reign and has been the subject of a number of poems. The poet Alattur Kilar made an effort to divert Killivalavan’s attention from this enterprise in order to save Karur from destruction by gently chiding him for pitting himself against an enemy unworthy of his prowess (Purananuru – 36). However, this effort was futile and the city of Karur fell to the Chola.

Defeat against Pandya
Purananuru poems are silent on Killivalavan’s campaigns in the south against the Pandyas, but the poet Nakkirar in a poem in Akananuru (poem 345) makes reference to the defeat suffered by the forces of Killivalavan in the hands of the Pandya commander Palayan Maran.

Malainadu Battle
Killivalavan also waged a battle against the Malainadu chief Malayaman Tirumudikkari, who was famous for his liberal patronage of poets. The Malayaman chief was killed in battle and his two children were about to be condemned to a cruel death by the victorious Chola. The poet Kovur Kilar again pleaded for the lives of these children (Purananuru – 46)

General sources

 * Mudaliar, A.S, Abithana Chintamani (1931), Reprinted 1984 Asian Educational Services, New Delhi.
 * Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
 * Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
 * Project Madurai – Purananuru eText - http://tamilnation.co/literature/ettuthokai/pm0057.pdf