Koochiching County, Minnesota

Koochiching County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,062. Its county seat is International Falls. A portion of the Bois Forte Indian Reservation is in the county. A small part of Voyageurs National Park extends into its boundary, with Lake of the Woods County to its northwest.

History
About 10,000 years ago almost 90% of Koochiching County was covered by Lake Agassiz. When it receded it left low areas of decayed vegetation (muskeg); as a result, three-quarters of northern Koochiching are underlain with 2 to 50 feet of peat.

The name "Koochiching" comes from either the Ojibwe word Gojijiing or Cree Kocicīhk (recorded in some documents as "Ouchichiq"), both meaning "at the place of inlets," referring to the neighboring Rainy Lake and River. Reverend J.A. Gilfillan recorded their meaning, "according to some, Neighbor lake, according to others a lake somewhere," possibly referring to the neighbouring Rainy Lake and to Lake Couchiching located in southern Ontario. Early European (French) inhabitants gave the names Lac à la Pluie (Rainy Lake) and Rivière à la Pluie (Rainy River) to the nearby bodies of water because of the mist-like rain present at the falls of Rainy River and then to the settlement that became known as International Falls.

European settlers in Koochiching County were of many occupations. They were explorers, traders, homesteaders, and lumberjacks. They also were teachers, preachers, merchants, engineers, and builders of industry. Settlers came at the beginning of the 1900s and suffered through isolation, illness, harsh weather, and poverty. They built schools, churches, and good roads.

Koochiching County is the second largest county in area next to Saint Louis County. It is also one of the youngest counties in the state having been created in 1906 after it was separated from Itasca County.

Geography
Koochiching County lies on the northern edge of Minnesota. Its northern border abuts the south border of Canada (across the Rainy River). The Rainy River flows west-northwestward along its north border, being fed by several rivers which drain from the county into the Rainy: Rat Root River drains the east central part of the county; Little Fork River flows northward through the eastern part of the county; Big Fork River flows northward through the east-central part of the county; Black River flows northward through the central part of the county; Rapid River and East Fork Rapid River flow north-northwestward through the western part of the county, joining in the northwestern part of the county shortly before exiting the county's west line to discharge into the Rainy, just west of the county's northwestern corner.

The county terrain consists of low rolling hills, with swampy areas where Lake Agassiz basin was deepest. There are also deposits of peat from 1½ to 50 feet in the low areas. The fairly level soil is broken by ledges of precambrian rock. Bedrock in the area includes Ely greenstone and greenstone schists that are said to be among the oldest on the planet. The terrain slopes to the north, with its highest point on the western part of its southern border at 1,515 ft ASL. The county has a total area of 3154 sqmi, of which 3104 sqmi is land and 50 sqmi (1.6%) is water. It is the second-largest county in Minnesota by land area and third-largest by total area.

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 53.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 53
 * [[Image:US 71.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 71
 * [[Image:MN-1.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 1
 * [[Image:MN-6.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 6
 * [[Image:MN-11.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 11
 * [[Image:MN-46.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 46
 * [[Image:MN-65.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 65
 * [[Image:MN-217.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 217

Adjacent counties

 * Rainy River District, Ontario - north
 * Saint Louis County - east
 * Itasca County - south
 * Beltrami County - southwest
 * Lake of the Woods County - northwest

Protected areas

 * East Rat Root River Scientific and Natural Area
 * Lost River Peatland Scientific and Natural Area
 * Myrtle Lake Peatland Scientific and Natural Area
 * Pine Island State Forest
 * Smoky Bear State Forest
 * South Black River Peatland Scientific and Natural Area
 * Superior National Forest (part)
 * Voyageurs National Park (part)

Lakes

 * Bartlett Lake
 * Battle Lake
 * Cameron Lake
 * Clear Lake
 * Dark Lake
 * Franklin Lake
 * Larson Lake
 * Little Constance Lake
 * Little Lake
 * Lost Lake
 * Moose Lake
 * Myrtle Lake
 * Nett Lake (part)
 * Pine Lake
 * Pocquette Lake
 * Rainy Lake (part)
 * Rat Root Lake
 * Seretha Lake
 * Silversack Lake
 * Teufer Lake

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,355 people, 6,040 households, and 3,962 families in the county. The population density was 4.62 /mi2. There were 7,719 housing units at an average density of 2.49 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 96.12% White, 0.19% Black or African American, 2.15% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.08% from other races, and 1.23% from two or more races. 0.56% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 21.2% were of Norwegian, 19.8% German, 12.3% Swedish and 7.0% Irish ancestry.

There were 6,040 households, out of which 28.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.30% were married couples living together, 8.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.40% were non-families. 30.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.88.

The county population contained 23.90% under the age of 18, 6.40% from 18 to 24, 25.80% from 25 to 44, 26.00% from 45 to 64, and 18.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 98.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $36,262, and the median income for a family was $43,608. Males had a median income of $40,642 versus $22,261 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,167. About 8.40% of families and 12.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.10% of those under age 18 and 13.40% of those age 65 or over.

Government and politics
From 1932 through 1996, Koochiching County voters tended Democratic, selecting the Democratic nominee in every election save Nixon's 1972 landslide. In 2000, George W. Bush became the first Republican to carry the county since 1972, despite narrowly losing the overall national popular vote. It returned to the Democratic column in the subsequent three elections, although none of the Democratic nominees in those three elections managed as high a vote share as Mondale in 1984 or Dukakis in 1988. In 2016, Donald Trump became the second Republican since 1972 to carry the county, and carried it again in 2020, with an increased majority—the first time the county has ever voted Republican two elections in a row.

Communities
Koochiching County is one of two counties in Minnesota that have no organized civil township governments within the county (the other is neighboring Lake of the Woods County), due to legislative action taken by the county to absorb existing township governments. Survey townships, as defined by the Public Land Survey System exist but are not organized. Six city governments have been created, and the rest of the county consists of unorganized territories and unincorporated communities.

Cities

 * Big Falls
 * International Falls (county seat; named Koochiching until January 1, 1903)
 * Littlefork
 * Mizpah
 * Northome
 * Ranier
 * South International Falls (part of International Falls since 1987)

Unorganized territories

 * East Koochiching
 * Nett Lake
 * Northome
 * Northwest Koochiching
 * Rainy Lake
 * South Koochiching

Census-designated place

 * Nett Lake (part)

Other unincorporated communities

 * Birchdale
 * Bramble
 * Central
 * Craigville
 * Ericsburg
 * Forest Grove
 * Frontier
 * Gates Corner
 * Gemmell
 * Grand Falls
 * Indus
 * Island View
 * Jameson
 * Laurel
 * Lindford
 * Loman
 * Manitou
 * Margie
 * Nakoda
 * Pelland
 * Pinetop
 * Rauch
 * Ray
 * Silverdale
 * Wildwood

Ghost towns

 * Border
 * Fairland
 * Falls Junction
 * Rainy Lake City
 * Ridge
 * The Pines
 * Wayland

In popular culture
Koochiching County is the location of the fictional town of Frostbite Falls, the home of the animated characters Rocky and Bullwinkle. Frostbite Falls was probably named in honor of International Falls, since International Falls is often referred to as the nation's icebox.