Koonibba

Koonibba is a locality and an associated Aboriginal community in South Australia located about  586 km northwest of the state capital of Adelaide and about 38 km northwest of the municipal seat in Ceduna and 5 km north of the Eyre Highway.

The settlement grew around the Koonibba Mission (1901–1975). The Koonibba Football Club, founded in 1906, is the oldest Aboriginal football club still in existence. Koonibba Test Range is a rocket testing facility established in 2019.

Koonibba Mission
Koonibba was formerly an Aboriginal mission, founded in 1901 by the Lutheran Church on land comprising 16,000 acres which they bought in 1899. The mission was established near the traditional lands of the Wirangu, Mirning, and Kokatha peoples.

A school was built within a year, with the church following in 1903. The church was built by two Aboriginal men named Thomas Richards and Mickey Free (Michael Free Lawrie). Aboriginal people came to the mission seeking employment, for which they were paid, but conversion to Christianity was a pre-condition for wages, food and housing.

The South Australian Royal Commission on the Aborigines gathered evidence from the mission in 1914, and recommended that the mission be taken over by the government.

In 1914, the Koonibba Children's Home was opened.

After World War I ended in 1918, the mission stopped growing wheat, and started grazing sheep instead, which needed less labour, so people moved away for work.

August Bernhard Carl Hoff was Superintendent of the mission from 1920 to 1930, and between 1920 and 1952 compiled a wordlist which was published by his son Lothar in 2004. The list included words from the Wirangu, Kokatha and Pitjantjatjara languages.

In 1931 the Lutherans decided to sell the station, without any prior consultation with the residents. The residents petitioned the Church to work the land autonomously, but their request fell on deaf ears. No buyers were forthcoming, and farming ceased in 1993, but the church continued to control the lives of the residents until 1958, when the residents staged a walk-off as a protest.

In 1963, the mission was taken over by the South Australian Government as an Aboriginal reserve, which in 1975 was transferred to the Aboriginal Land Trust. the site is leased to the local Aboriginal corporation, the Koonibba Aboriginal Community Council, which manages the community.

"Koonibba Lutheran Children's Home" was listed in the 1997 Bringing Them Home report, as an institution housing Indigenous children forcibly removed from their families, leading to the Stolen Generations.

The locality of Koonibba
Boundaries for a locality were created on 28 January 1999 for the long-established local name of Koonibba. The Eyre Highway forms part of the locality's southern boundary. In 2013, a portion of the locality which was located in the Yumbarra Conservation Park was removed and added to the new locality of Yumbarra to ensure that all of the conservation park was located within the new locality.

Population and facilities
, Koonibba and an adjoining part of the locality of Yumbarra has a population of 149, 87% of whom are Indigenous Australians.

The settlement has a public school, the Koonibba Aboriginal School.

An Australian rules football club, the Koonibba Football Club, was formed in 1906. It is the oldest Aboriginal football club still in existence, and plays in the Far West Football League today.

A general store, giving locals access to fresh groceries for the first time in 40 years, was opened in February 2019.

It is planned to develop tourist attractions, with a focus on the history of the settlement. Cultural artefacts stored at the South Australian Museum would be put on display, to engender pride in the community and provide a learning experience for tourists.

Heritage buildings
The Our Redeemer Lutheran Church from the former Koonibba Lutheran Mission survives and is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.

Koonibba Test Range
In 2019–2020, a private space company, Southern Launch, established the Koonibba Test Range after consultation with the Koonibba Community Aboriginal Corporation. It was reported that Southern Launch worked with companies, universities, space agencies and other organisations to have their rockets and payloads launched and recovered from the site, and that the Koonibba site was the world's largest privately owned rocket test range and the world's first approved by an indigenous community to be launched from their land. The first launches were small rockets carrying small replica payloads on 19 September 2020. In 2024, it was reported that the biggest satellite launched on Australian soil would be fired from this location.

In the arts
Mazin Grace, by Dylan Coleman, is a fictionalised account of the author's mother's life as a Kokatha child growing up on Koonibba in the 1940s and 1950s, and includes a glossary of Aboriginal English and Kokatha words, which are used throughout the book. It won the 2011 David Unaipon Award for Unpublished Indigenous Writer, and was longlisted for the Stella Prize and shortlisted for the Commonwealth Book Prize in 2013.

Also based on her mother's experiences growing up at Koonibba, Coleman wrote and co-directed a short film (with brother Staurme Glastonbury), Secret Pretty Things (Jija Mooga Gu), which was given its world premiere at the Adelaide Film Festival in October 2020 (preceding the feature documentary The Earth Is Blue as an Orange).

Museum collection
Pastor Hoff's son Lothar (see above) was born at Koonibba Mission, and had inherited his father's collection of photographs and rare Kokatha and Wirangu artefacts after his death in 1971. In 2008 Lothar handed over the collection to the South Australian Museum.

Notable people
Notable people associated with Koonibba include:
 * Bart Willoughby (born 1960), musician, founder of No Fixed Address

Other 19th century Aboriginal missions in SA

 * Killalpaninna
 * Point McLeay (Raukkan)
 * Point Pearce
 * Poonindie