Kotra (river)

The Kotra (Котра; Katra) is a 109 km river in Belarus and Lithuania. The river is an example of a rare phenomenon of river bifurcation.

At first, the Kotra and Ūla form one river, known as the Pelesa, which originates in Belarus and flows in a northwesterly direction. Just past the Belarus–Lithuania border, between the villages of Paramėlis and Kazliškės, some 22 km southeast of Varėna, it branches out into two independent rivers: the Kotra, a tributary of the Neman, and the Ūla, a tributary of the Merkys. The bifurcation happened in the second half of the 19th century when the Ūla, due to its channel erosion, crossed the water divide between its own and the Kotra's drainage basins. As a result, the Ūla enlarged its basin by some 410 km2 and the Kotra lost two of its tributaries. These processes also caused a decrease in groundwater levels and the almost total disappearance of several lakes in the area.

The Kotra flows along the Belarus–Lithuania border for 24 km and the remaining 85 km through Belarus. It then flows along the southern border of Čepkeliai Marsh, the area protected as a nature reserve With the changes in drainage basins and groundwater levels, some 20 km2 of open marshes overgrew with trees. The Kotra and its surrounding marshes form wetlands of international importance: Kotra Ramsar site and Cepkeliai Ramsar site Varėna district municipality established a 1.085 km2 reservoir to protect the natural Kotra environment.

Etymology
The name Katra/Kotra is very unclear. Aleksandras Vanagas reconstructed a very dubious Proto-Indo-European root *kataro- ('a trench, rivulet, stream', as for Italian river Catarona or Liburnian river Καταρβάτης) from which originated the name of the river. Simas Karaliūnas suggested a Slavic borrowing in Lithuanian katãryti/katãlyti (from колотить, колотать) 'to beat, to whip' as a possible source of the name. Edward Bogusławski presented Kotra as a Finno-Ugric name (without further elaborating it; Rimvydas Kunskas suggested *kaatarha 'to flood (kaataa) a backgarden (tarha)'). Šarūnas Šimkus suggests the name may come from a pronoun katrà, katarà, котора(я), котра 'which [of both]' (fem.) as a reference to a very tangled upper course of this river.