Kudan (yōkai)

[[File:Ketteiban yokai mira kanzen FILE(2010)-p105-kudan-kawaraban.jpg|thumb|400px|The kudan of "Mount Kurahashi", Tango Province.

A kawaraban dated Tenpō 7 (1836). — woodblock-printed (on wood), in the collection of the.]] The kudan (件) is a yōkai of a "prophecy beast" type, whose news or urban legend has been disseminated in Japan since the Edo Period.

The human-faced, bovine-bodied kudan that allegedly appeared in "Mount Kurahashi", Tango Province (in today's Kyoto Prefecture) in the year Tenpō 7 (1836) was reported in a contemporary. It predicted bountiful harvest in the ensuing years, and instructed people to paste up the picture image of itself for the home to ward off evil and prosper. The kawaraban's claim that the stock phrase "kudan no gotoshi" ("as in the case/matter in question") which frequently appeared at the end of certificates/deeds, was actually a reference to this monster is considered spurious.

The variant kutabe (or kudabe, kutahe) allegedly appeared in Mount Tate, Etchū Province (Toyama Prefecture), datable to Bunsei 10 (1827).

Etymology
The kanji for kudan consists of two characters, the ninben/hito (/), and ushi (牛), aptly representing its human-bovine composite nature (i.e., human-headed and bovine-bodied).

This breakdown of the kanji ideogram is even stated on the woodblock print leaflet example. and also discussed by novelist Hyakken Uchida in his story "Kudan".

Phraseology
Throughout Japan, the idiom "like the kudan" (件の如し) began to appear on deeds and official documents. The phrase simply means 'As in the case [at hand]', though a meaning "on the truth of the Kudan", invoking the monster has also been alleged. However while the kudan monster dates to the late Edo Period, the idiom is much older, dating to the Heian period, so the relationship between the phrase and the monster has been refuted as an anachronism.

Iconography
The kudan is generally depicted as having the head of a human and the body of a bovine. The kudan is recorded as being "human-faced, cattle-bodied" (人面牛身) in an early attestation from a samurai scribe's diary (Bunsei 2, year 1819)

The news of the "kudan" has been disseminated in illustrated newspapers called the (single sheeted wood-block print, hence sometimes referred to as a type of "broadsides"), and several examples have survived.

The well-publicized Tenpō Era (1836) notice of the kudan refers to the "beast named kudan" in its title, and explains that the beast had "a body [like unto] cattle, and a face like a human", and This piece is part of the collection at the (Tokugawa rinseishi kenkyūjo ). This kawaraban (single-sheet woodblock-print newspaper, a broadside) is actually visibly printed on a piece of wood.

This printed wood plate states that the kudan appeared "in the 12th month of Tenpō 7, the year of the monkey [1836], on "Mount Kurahashi" (倉橋山), or perhaps rather "in the mountains at the foot of Kurahashi [village]". The Mt. Kurahashi (倉梯山), 91 m altitude, in Miyazu, west of the Amanohashidate scenic monument fits the location.

There have also survived hand-copied documents which replicated kudan's picture and text from a kawaraban. One such copy occurs in the Shika zakki [?] (「止可雑記」) in the Mōri family library collection, held by the Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives.. Another hand-copied example on paper manuscript has belonged to the family based in village (now part of Saku, Nagano).

The news of the monster called by the variant names of kutabe, kudabe, etc. (cf. § Kutabe below) were disseminated in Bunsei 10–12 (1827–1829), and it was claimed that its human encounter occurred on Mount Tate, in present-day Toyama Prefecture. Many of the kutabe/kudabe illustrations bear long-haired woman-like faces according to scholars, but may also have a head like a bald old man and may not manifest bovine features, and have sharp claws. While some pictures have eyes on their bodies, like the luck beast Bai ze (Hakuaku).

Tales of cow-headed women or ushi-onna also became urban legend from around the time of World War II.

Prophesy beast
The kudan is typical of the so-called prophesy beasts (予言獣) of Japanese folklore, which not only portend plague or bounty, but prescribe the method on how to avoid being stricken. Typically the prophecy beast instructs people to view a picture image of itself, or to copy it to ward off evil luck, and the kutabe/kudabe group of variant follow that norm.

The kudan pictorial on the kawaraban flyers, was not merely a pictorial and written information sheet being circulated, and it was understood that the flyer itself could be used as a gofu (護符), a type of amulet typically printed or hand-copied on paper. The aforementioned artefact dated Tenpo7/1836 (referred to as a kawaraban example), which is entitled "A beast called kudan which lets known great bountiful harvests", and goes onto say "If one paste up this picture image, the home inside shall flourish and not receive calamity&disease, all misfortune whatsoever shall be averted, and a great bumper-crop harvest shall ensue; it is a truly propitious beast". At this time, the Tenpō famine was at its peak, and so it is believed that this report was intended to "give people hope of a good harvest".

This same artefact also claims that a past appearance of the kudan, in the 12th month of Hōei 2/1705, recorded in an ancient document.

The kutabe variants only portent evil (epidemic), and are not known to predict blessings of bountiful harvest, unlike most prophesy beasts.

In a late example, the kudan was rumoured to have predicted Japan's defeat during World War II. There were also rumours among Japanese immigrant population in Brazil about a kudango (件子) predicting that Japan would emerge victorious.

Born as calf
An early attestation of kudan occurs in the aforementioned Mikkyoku nichijō (『密局日乗』) dated to Bunsei 2 (1819), where a human language-speaking and human-headed calf declared it should be given the name "kudan".

A document reporting the birth of a kudan from a cow, dated 12th of the 3rd month of Ansei 7 (1860) was discovered 2020 at the.

The multicolor woodblock-print (nishiki-e) entitled Kudanjū no shashin (件獣之写真) dated to the very end of the Edo Period (Keiō 3/1867), also reports that a kudan born from a cow, after speaking out its prophecy, dies as a 3-day old newborn. although later write more approximately.

After the shogunate ended and the Meiji era began, the kudan was still mentioned in writings and Lafcadio Hearn heard about travelling showmen displaying an alleged stuffed specimen of a kudan.

In the Taisho era, novelist Hyakken Uchida published a short novel entitled Kudan (1921), where it is stated "the kudan dies 3 days after birth, and in the meanwhile, in the language of humans, it prognosticates the ill or good luck of the future

Dating to the Shōwa era, the kudan is listed in a dictionary of the folklore of Okayama Prefecture, as well as in the writings of Kunio Yanagita who originates from the adjacent Hyogo Prefecture. The kudan is described as a strange beast born from a cow, or allegedly born as a cross between cattle and human, capable of human speech, and dies within a few days of birth. Meanwhiled, it prophesizes the advent of various grave occurrences, such as crop failure, epidemic, drought, or war. which reputedly come to pass without fail. Instances of kudan given birth by cattle in the Kansai region have been reported in the postwar period.

Calves born with certain illness deformities can give the impression of human-like face features, which could explain reports of kudan birth in some cases, according to some writers.

Kutabe


The kutabe or kudabe is considered an equivalent (subclass) of the kudan, though kutabe's legend is set specifically in Tateyama in Etchū Province (Mount Tate, in today's Toyama Prefecture). The news of the kutabe or kudabe were circulated in the years Bunsei 10–12 (1827–1829) when its appearances was supposedly witnessed.

The kanji-titled pamphlet claims that 件 (here presumably pronounced "ken" rather than "kudan") is actually its Chinese name, while kutabe is the true Japanese name.

Nomenclature
The kutabe's name is written in non-standard "kanji" characters (shown right) in the printed example. and also variously transcribed as kutabe (くたべ) in hiragana, or kudabe (クダベ) and kudahe (クタヘ) in katakana, etc. The name also appears as either gudabe (ぐだべ) or gutabe (具多遍) in an example now in France.

The prophecy beast called the dodaku/dotaku (どだく/どたく) was supposedly encountered on Mt. Tate by a man named Miura according to the diary of, and thus this beast is also considered a variant in the kutabe group.

Iconography of the kutabe
The kutabe/kudabe group illustrations appear to scholars as having long-haired woman-like face, while others have the head of a bald old man, or with resemblance to a "fatigued medical monk's body", and lack obvious discernible bovine features, but and are given front and hind paws with sharp claws  (rather than hooves).

Prophecy and warding
The prophecies and the instructions to ward off evil are nearly identical in the various attestations of the kutabe group; the prophecy beast warns of an outbreak of some unknown disease in 4, 5 years time, and instructs that an individual must view the image of the creature once, in order to avoid the catastrophe.

The "gudabe" example (in the French collection) prescribes that in addition to viewing the image of itself, if an individual gathers seven-colored herbs, pound them into mochi (rice cake) and eats them, the wonders it would do will be "like unto a god".

A comparison study of some 7 examples of the "kutabe" subclass was conducted by Hitomi Hosokawa, who addresses some of the origin questions; the questions of have been pursued by others also (cf. §Origins). The origins of the "kutabe" subclass has been discussed by Hosoki Regarding whether the kutabe could have originated from the Bai Ze (Hakutaku), she found mixed results in comparing their physical depictions/ And as curator of the museum at Tateyama, she concluded that the kutabe sub-legend never developed locally, but was probably invented by outsiders residing in other provinces.
 * Comparison to Hakutaku

Origins
The kudan may derive from the Chinese luck beast Bai Ze (pronounced "Hakutaku" in Japanese), as has been formally theorized by sociologist (1995, Kudan no tanjō [The Birth of Kudan]). The custom of distributing the image of Bai Ze existed in Edo Period Japan, and its iconography was likely borrowed to create the kudan creature.

The traditional Chinese Bai Ze actually tended to be depicted as more beastlike, or "tiger-faced, scaly-bodied" to be more specific. But in Japan, it later became more commonplace for the Bai Ze (Hakutaku) to be drawn or painted as human-faced and beast-bodied, hence not much different in appearance from the kudan which emerged.

Jinjahime and Hakutaku origins
The essay Dōchō tosetsu (道聴塗説) from the Edo Period claims that the "kudabe" (variant spelling) was an invention based on another prophecy beast called the jinjahime (神社姫) which was circulating at the time. It has been pointed out that the jinjahime that manifested itself in Bunsei 2 (1819) gave instructions on how to avoid the foretold doom, like the kudan in later documents, but whether the kudan of Bunsei 2 did so is inconclusive.

Another proponent who equated the kutabe with the luck beast Hakutaku (Bai Ze) was the famous yōkaimanga author Shigeru Mizuki, who viewed kutabe as a "human-faced bovine, with eyes on both flanks of its belly", just like Hakutaku. This is somewhat disputed by Hosoki, since the kutabe does indeed have eyes on its body, but they are situated on its back (next to spine), if the woodblock-printed image is taken to be authoritative. But at any rate this is coincidence enough to conclude that the iconography of the kutabe was influenced by Hakutaku amulets.

Mizuki also saw some connection between the medicine god Yellow Emperor meeting Bai Ze/Hakutaku and the supposed meeting the kudan in Mount Tate of Toyama. But Hosoki does not find this connection to the "patron god of Traditional Chinese medicine" to be persuasive enough to demonstrate equivalence.

Although the kutabe legend situates the encounter in Mount Tate, Toyama, Hosokawa found no evidence that the legend was being told locally, having consulted various temples connected with the mountain, and examining the writings left by pilgrims preserved at these establishments. The Medicinal mound-monument at Tateyama (立山の薬種塚) mentioned in the legend also appears to be spurious. Thus she concludes this legend to have been concocted by an outsider, who wanted to exploit the reputation all over Japan that Mount Tate was a mystic place where rare or potent medicinal ingredients could be found.

Ushi-onna
Mimei Ogawa published a short novel called "Ushi-onna" ('cow-woman', 1919), probably having read Hyakken's story "Kudan".

Subsequently, during the period of post war reconstruction which followed World War II, rumours began to surface regarding the appearances of a ushi-onna (牛女), who was somewhat akin to kudan but was bovine-headed and human-bodied rather than the other way around, and wore traditional kimono dress.

Sakyo Komatsu also wrote a piece of fiction entitled Kudan no haha (「くだんのはは」) (1968), which was also probably based on the knowledge of Hyakken's story, and on further collected folkloric material. Komatsu's story is thought to have significantly influenced the furtherance of the ushi-onna urban legend in Japan.

The ushi-onna lore was circulated particularly in the vicinity of city of Kobe, namely the Nishinomiya and Mount Kabuto areas in Hyogo Prefecture, and it was rumored that the ushi-onna was seen devouring animal carcasses in the airstruck ruins. And after the entire corridor from Ashiya to Nishinomiya got devastated by air bombings, there floated a rumor that an ushi-onna loitered the butcher's house that was burned down and in ruins, the daughter of the family who was kept sequestered in a room, away from the eyes of the public.

The writer argues that the kudan and the ushi-onna ought to be distinguished, due to a number of differences: the kudan is a calf born from cattle, the ushi-onna is a daughter of human parents; the kudan is human-faced and bovine-bodied, the ushi-onna the other way around; the kudan is actually the one capable of human speech, whereas the cow-woman's ability to speak is unattested.

Chronology
From the Edo period through Shōwa period, there have been several reported sightings throughout Japan, though they are most often reported in Western Japan.

Edo period
The kudan allegedly appeared as early as the 12th month of Hōei 2 (1705) according to "old documents", but this is only purported by the kawaraban of 1836, and not verified by contemporary evidence.

An early attestation that a calf proclaiming itself to be a kudan was born at a commoner's cow in Kaminoseki, Suō Province is recorded in the diary called Mikkyoku nichijō (『密局日乗』), the entry dated to Bunsei 2, 5th month, 13th day (4 July 1819). The creature was capable of human speech, and instructed that it should be given the name "kudan", and it should not be slaughtered on account of its odd form. It predicted 7 consecutive years of bountiful harvest, but war trouble on the 8th year.

The attestations to the "kutabe" or "kudabe" group date to Bunsei 10–12 (1827–1829), as already discussed. The kutabe/kudabe were allegedly witnessed on Mount Tate, Toyama in the north, but the source material were discovered in places like Osaka or Nagoya.

The news of a "kutabe", after a time gap, is attested from the Kaei era (1848–1854), according to Nagano; the surimono (wood-block print) of the "kutabe" written in kanji is itself undated, but is pasted into the scrapbook called Hogochō, which began to be compiled in the year Kaei 4 (1851).

The news of the "kudan" disseminated in the  (woodblock printed broadside) dated Tenpō 7 (1836) is the earliest extant written folkloric material on the "kudan" proper. This spread of the kudan lore coincided with the time of the Tenpō famine, so there may have been an invested hope of bountiful harvest in creating such a charm artefact, according to.

Meiji Restoration onward
On June 21, 1909, a Nagoya newspaper reported a sighting of the kudan. According to the article, a calf had been born with a human face a decade before in a farmhouse on the Gotō Islands. It reported that "It died only 31 days after its birth and prophesied a war between Japan and Russia." The calf was later stuffed and put on display in the Yahiro Museum in Nagasaki. The museum has since closed and the calf's whereabouts are unknown.

From the Meiji period onward, stuffed carcasses of cattle and swine purported to be kudan" were being exhibited at "spectacle show shacks" (misemonogoya (見世物小屋)). Lafcadio Hearn (Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, vol. 2, 1894) recorded the incident in 1892 about a travelling showmen who brought a stuffed kudan'' aboard a ship bound for Mihonoseki. Their unholy conduct of transporting the kudan, a tiger  and other dead animals was blamed by the priest for the sudden squall, which forced the ship to abandon disembarking at Mihonoseki and turn back.

The theory about the kudan being a benevolent wish-granting creature subsided during the Shōwa period and was replaced by greater emphasis on the kudan's wartime prophecies. A kudan appeared in 1930 in a forest in Kagawa Prefecture, prophesying: "Soon, there will be a great war. You shall win, but you will later be struck down by plague. However, those who eat red beans and tie yarn around their wrists within three days of hearing this prophecy shall not fall sick". In 1933, this rumor reached Nagano Prefecture and quickly spread, with elementary school students spreading it further by taking red bean rice (azuki-meshi) into school for their lunches. However, the content of the rumor changed. Instead of a kudan, the prophecy was attributed to a snake-headed beast, sent by the deity of the Suwa Grand Shrine in Nagano Prefecture.

A rumour of a kudan birth in Hirado, Nagasaki was propagated via Sasebo, and eventually collected in the summer of 1932 in village in Nishisonogi Peninsula by folklorist Katsunori Sakurada.

During World War II, many rumors were spread about prophecies regarding the war and air raids. In 1943, a kudan was said to have been born in a geta shop in Iwakuni. This kudan predicted that "the war will end next year, around April or May." It was then reported in the spring of 1945 in Matsuyama that "A Kudan has been born in Kobe. He says that 'anyone who consumes red beans or bean cakes within three days of hearing this tale shall escape the air raids.'" The rumors quickly circulated throughout Matsuyama.

Around early 1944 in the area of Marília, Brazil, there spread a rumour among the Japanese immigrants that a human headed and beast-bodied kudango (件子) was born, which predicted that the "war will end within the year with the Axis powers winning great vicotory"; it supposedly died immediately after speaking the stock phrase "yotte kudan no gotoshi". This has been characterized as the burgeoning of the denialist logic of espoused by the group who refused to believe Japan could lose a war.

Kudan birth anecdotes have also been heard in the villages that produce the brand of Kobe beef (published 1953). And in or "the three villages of Hiruzen", Okayama Prefecture, an elderly informant in the Yatsuka village spoke of a kudan, but when inquired of its whereabouts he answered it was born in Kawakami village, and so forth, so the investigator was run in circles (1971).

Writer in 2004 came into possession of a stuffed kudan, also being touted to as the kudan mummy, from a man residing in Gunma Prefecture, who was the son of a kōgyōshi (興行師) or travelling showman, who called the ushi-ningen (牛人間) or "cow/bull-human", and put it on exhibit, together with the performance of a kamishibai sliding-picture show about this creature. .

Literature

 * Kudan, a collection of short stories by Hyakken Uchida
 * Kudan Monster by Rin Adashino
 * The Kudan's Mother by Sakyo Komatsu
 * Would you Like to Talk About Kudan? by Yasujirō Uchiyama
 * Therefore, It Is as Written (依って件の如し), short story by Shimako Iwai

Manga

 * GeGeGe no Kitarō
 * Jigoku Sensei Nūbē (Vol. 11, Ch. 93)
 * Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle (Vol. 2)
 * Nijigahara Holograph
 * Pet Shop of Horrors: Tokyo (Vol. 11, Ch. 39)
 * Kudan no Gotoshi
 * Kyokou Suiri

Movies

 * The Great Yokai War

Video games

 * Aoi Shiro
 * Hayarigami 3
 * Kamaitachi no Yoru 2: Song of the Prison Island
 * Segare Ijiri
 * Shining Force III
 * Shin Megami Tensei: Devil Summoner: Raidou Kuzunoha vs. The Soulless Army
 * Toppa-ra: Zashiki Warashi no wa Nashi
 * Yo-Kai Watch 2 – the English dub calls him by the name Predictabull